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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Dualism |
There are TWO sources of matter; material and immaterial |
There's 2 components |
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What is the Mind-Body problem? |
It's how something immaterial influences something material |
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Hardware |
Brain. Neurons. Cerebral Cortext |
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Software |
Mind, Memoru, emotions, etc. |
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Consiousness is... |
Subjective. Completly personal |
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phenomenology |
if you believe that it happened, then I believe that you believe it happened |
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Minimal consciousness |
This is to conserve mental resources and give our brains a break. Ex: Driving without thinking. |
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Full consciousness |
thinking, processing, engaged, alert, attentive. |
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self-consciousness |
Linked to self-centeredness. Also link to depression. Being self-aware. |
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selective attention |
if someone screams "fire!" you will listen. You will also hear your name if something says it. |
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Dichotic Listening |
Not being able to multitask. |
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Multitasking is real |
False. You can only shift attention really fast. |
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daydreaming |
No purpose in thought |
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Mental control |
purposely change thoughts |
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thought suppression |
Purposely avoid thoughts |
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rebound effect |
sometimes we can want something so bad that we could the opposite outcome |
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Sleep: Evolutionary Theory |
humans tend to rank at the top of the food chain until it's dark outside. We would survive and they could reproduce if we stayed awake during the day and went to sleep at night. |
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Restorative Theory |
We bring back mental resources when we sleep |
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How long should naps be? |
20-30 minutes |
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What does sleep help us with? |
Clearing the mind, physically growing (pituitary gland releases growth hormones), learning, memory, and neurological development. |
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How many hours of sleep do we need a night? |
7-7.5 hours. More than 9 hours is too much. |
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Stages of sleep: Wakefulness |
Emits alpha waves. high levels of brain activity |
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stages of sleep: relaxation/drowsy |
Emits alpha waves. Lower levels of brain activity |
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Stage 1 sleep |
Emits theta waves. Lower than alpha, but still easy to wake up. Drifting off 5% of sleep is in this stage |
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Stage 2 sleep |
Spend 50% of sleep in this stage. Sleep spindles/k complex - short bursts of activity. Twitch in sleep. |
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Stage 3 sleep |
Delta waves. Brain is basically off. Out cold. 20-25% of sleep is spent here. Body repairs itself. |
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Stage R Sleep |
REM sleep. dreaming occurs. Sawtooth waves. Look like beta waves. High brain activity. 20-25% of sleep is here. |
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What declines when you loose REM sleep? |
Long term memory |
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Why do we sleep? |
to dream |
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What happens to your body when you enter REM sleep? |
Muscle Inhibition: Temporarily paralyzed so you don't injure yourself. |
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Circadian rhythm |
body wakes up to light and gets tired when it gets dark |
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Who is randy gardner? |
Didn't sleep for 264 hours. Found out that sleep is expendable. you can't get it back. |
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BOOK ON SLEEP |
"Why we sleep" by Matthew Walker |
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What can sleep deprivation do? |
Linked to obesity, coronary heart disease, depression, and faster aging. |
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Insomnia |
Can't fall asleep and can't stay asleep. |
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Sleep apnea |
Stop breathing while sleeping. Cause: Being overweight. Usually diagnosed in middle age men. |
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Narcolepsy |
Can't stay awake. Genetic: rare |
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Somnambulism |
Sleep walking. Happens in stage 3 sleep. |
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Sleep paralysis |
Wakefulness and dreaming active at the same time. Can sometimes still see dream when wake up and you can't move. |
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Night terrors |
Random emotional fit while sleeping. Non-REM sleep. Mostly in childhood. |
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Why do we dream? |
If we don't use our neurons, they will fizzle out. You must jumpstart them just to keep them fresh. |
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Characteristics of dreams |
Intense Emotion, illogical thought, sensation. Uncritical acceptance, and difficulty remembering that dream. |
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Freud's model of sleep |
Iceberg model |
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Conciousness |
Knowing something for sure that is fresh on your mind. |
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Subconscious |
Digging a litter deeper to figure out what's going on and why you react to certain stimuli. |
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Unconscious |
Stuff you don't know is there. |
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What two things did freud believe humans were motivated by? |
Fear of punishment and rejection. Found in unconscious. |
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Manifest vs. Letent content |
Freuds interpretation of dreams. Manifest: "Tell me about your dream" Latent Content: Symbolism behind it. |
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What happens when you use drugs? |
Alters brain chemistry |
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Tolerance |
Getting used to it. Increase dosage because what was exciting is now normal and boring. |
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Physiological dependency |
Withdrawal symptoms |
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Psychological dependency |
constantly on your mind. but you don't need it to survive. |
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Depressants |
Suppress feelings. Alcohol is the most popular. |
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Stimulants |
Makes things more exciting. Caffeine is the most popular. Others are nicotine, meth, and cocaine. |
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Narcotics |
Type of depressant; pain management; opioids; poppy seed story |
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Hallucinogens |
Mushrooms, LSD's |
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What is the marijuana myth? |
It is safe to use and not addictive. Marijuana causes less tolerance for pain, and then you will depend on it. |
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75 types |
75 types of |
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To learn is to... |
change. |
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Habituation |
Related to sensory adaptation. More exposure leads to decreased response. |
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Sensitization |
More Exposure leads to increased reaction due to experience. |
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When was psychology established as a science? |
1879 |
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Who is Ivan Pavlov? |
Studied with dogs. Classical conditioning. |
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Who was Little Albert? |
John watson placed a white rat was placed in front of Albert. Everytime the rat was shown, a loud crashing sound would come with it. Albert associated that loud noise with the white rat, and was traumatized by it. |
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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) |
The object that stimulates Natural reaction. Creates Unconditioned response. |
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Unconditioned response (UCR) |
Natural response. Example: Getting hungry because of the smell of food. |
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Neutral stimulus |
Paired with Unconditioned stimulus. Associated with each other. The reason why response happened. Example: The bell in pavlov's dog experiment. |
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Conditioned stimulus (CS) |
Creates conditioned response. |
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Conditioned Response (CR) |
The response to that stimulus. Conditioned response and unconditioned response are always the same. |
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The office video and classical conditioning |
UCS: Mint UCR: Salivating NS: Sound CS: Sound CR: Salivating |
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Taste Aversion |
Conditioned into not liking a food. |
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John Watson Implications |
we now have an empirically based method of studying people people because of classical conditioning. |
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Extinction |
Conditioned response without Unconditioned stimuli will stop the reaction. |
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Systematic desensitization |
Baby steps. |
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Spontaneous recovery |
random occurrence of CS with a UCS. |
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Generalization |
Power of similarity. Generalize fear to everything that relates. |
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Discrimination |
Similar, but distinct. Only fear to that's specific thing. |
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Shaping |
Reinforce/punish immediately |
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Are reinforcements or punishments more effective? |
reinforcements |
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Skinner Box |
Rat in a box would push lever to receive food pellet. |
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Radical Behaviorism |
Denied existence of free will. |
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Operant Conditioning |
Conditions voluntary behavior. |
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law of effect |
if stimuli is good, more reaction to it. Opposite if bad. |
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Reinforcements |
Increase a behavior. |
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Positive reinforcement |
Added to situation to increase behavior. |
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Negative Reinforcement |
Takes away something you don't like to increase behavior. |
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Punishment |
Decrease a behavior |
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Positive punishment |
Added to situation to decrease behavior. |
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Negative punishment |
Take away to decrease behavior |
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Primary reinforcements |
Satisfy biological needs. Food, shelter, etc. |
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Secondary reinforcers |
Not a biological satisfaction |
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When is it best to reinforce? |
Immediately. If delayed, communication needs to be paired with it. |
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Why do people prefer short term gratification? |
Humans like immediate gratification. Want to be happy now. |
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Fixed Interval |
Fixed time limit. Example: Push lever every ten minutes, get food pellet. |
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Variable interval |
Changes time limit. Example: 5 minute mark, 10 minute mark, 12 minute mark, etc. |
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Fixed Ratio |
Do something x number of times. Example: Press lever 5 times before food drops. |
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Variable ratio |
Do something x number of times, but x will change every time. Example: Push three times, then 5 times, then once to get food pellet. |
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