Gd Chapter 2

Front 1

Openly watching and recording group behavior with no attempt to conceal one’s re- search purposes

Back 1

overt observation

Front 2

Watching and recording group behavior while taking part in the social process

Back 2

participant observation

Front 3

A change in behavior that occurs when individuals know they are being studied by researchers.

Back 3

Hawthorne effect

Front 4

A measurement method that involves watching and recording individual and group actions.

Back 4

observation

Front 5

A research procedure used to collect and analyze nonnumeric, unquantified types of data, such as text, images, or objects

Back 5

qualitative study

Front 6

A research proce- dure that classifies (codes) group members’ actions into defined categories.

Back 6

structured observational method

Front 7

A research procedure used to collect and analyze data in a numeric form, such as frequencies, proportions, or amounts.

Back 7

quantitative study

Front 8

d by Robert Bales used to classify group behavior into task-oriented and relationship-oriented categories.

Back 8

Interaction Process Analysis (IPA)

Front 9

The degree to which a measurement tech- nique consistently yields the same conclusion at different times. For measurement techniques with two or more components, reliablility is also the degree to which these various components all yield similar conclusion

Back 9

Reliability

Front 10

describes the extent to which the technique measures what it is supposed to measure.

Back 10

Validity

Front 11

An assessment method, such as a questionnaire, test, or interview, that ask respondents to describe their feelings, attitudes, or beliefs.

Back 11

self-report measure

Front 12

A research technique developed by Jacob Moreno that graphically and mathematically summarizes patterns of intermember relations.

Back 12

sociometry

Front 13

A graphic representation of the patterns of intermember relations created through sociometry. In most cases each member of the group is depicted by a symbol, such as a lettered circle or square, and the types of relations among members (e.g., communication links, friendship pairings)

Back 13

sociogram

Front 14

A strong concurrence-seeking tendency that interferes with effective group decision making, identified by Irving Janis.

Back 14

Groupthink

Front 15

A research technique that involves examin- ing, in as much detail as possible, the dynamics of a single group or individual.picted with capped lines.

Back 15

case study

Front 16

A naturally occurring group (particu- larly when compared to an ad hoc group created by a researcher in a laboratory study), such as an audience, board of directors, club, or team.

Back 16

Bona fide group

Front 17

An individual or group who is unfairly held responsible for a negative event and outcome; the inno- cent target of interpersonal hostility.

Back 17

scapegoat

Front 18

A research design in which the investigator manipulates at least one variable by randomly assigning participants to two or more different conditions and measuring at least one other variable.

Back 18

experiment

Front 19

Those aspects of the situation manipulated by the researcher in an experimental study; the causal variable in a cause–effect relationship. dependent variable The responses of the participant measured by the researcher; the effect variable in a cause–effect relationship.

Back 19

independent variable

Front 20

A group or collective that individuals use as a standard or frame of reference when selecting and appraising their abilities, attitudes, or beliefs; includes groups that individuals identify with and admire and cat- egories of noninteracting individuals.

Back 20

reference group

Front 21

A research design in which the in- vestigator measures (but does not manipulate) at least two variables and then uses statistical procedures to examine the strength and direction of the relationship between these variables.

Back 21

correlational study

Front 22

A statistic that measures the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables. Often symbolized by r, correlations can range from −1 to +1.

Back 22

correlation coefficient

Front 23

The focus of empirical and theoretical interest selected when individuals or objects under study are nested in a series of increasingly inclusive or graded clusters; the source of the data the researcher seeks.

Back 23

unit of analysis

Front 24

Wants, needs, and other psychological pro- cesses that energize behavior and thereby determine its form, intensity, and duration.

Back 24

motivation

Front 25

A subjective state of positive or negative affect often accompanied by a degree of arousal or activation.

Back 25

emotion

Front 26

The collective emotional mood of a group.

Back 26

group affective tone

Front 27

An economic model of inter- personal relationships which argues that individuals seek out relationships that offer them many rewards while ex- acting few costs.

Back 27

social exchange theory

Front 28

A theoretical explanation of the way or- ganisms acquire new responses to environmental stimuli through such conditioning processes as stimulus–response associations and reinforcement.

Back 28

behaviorism

Front 29

A general theoretical approach which assumes that groups are systems—collections of individual units that combine to form an integrated, complex whole.

Back 29

systems theory

Front 30

model Any one of a number of general conceptual analyses of groups that assumes group processes mediate the relationship be- tween individual, group, and situational input variables and resulting group outcomes

Back 30

input–process–output (I–P–O)

Front 31

Mental processes that acquire, organize, and integrate information. Cognitive processes include memory systems that store data and the psycho- logical mechanisms that process this information.

Back 31

cognitive process

Front 32

A conceptual approach de- veloped by John Turner and his colleagues that explains a range of group behavior, including the development of social identity and intergroup relations, in terms of the social cognitive categorization processes.

Back 32

self-categorization theory

Front 33

A biological approach to understanding behavior which assumes that recurring patterns of behavior in animals ultimately stem from evo- lutionary pressures that increase the likelihood of adap- tive social actions and extinguish nonadaptive practices.

Back 33

evolutionary psychology