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114 Cards in this Set
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WW1 armistice
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11 November 1918
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Where was most of ww1 fought
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Belgium and France. Most of their land was destroyed so France wanted compensation.
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Military loses (causilties) for GB, france, USA.
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Britain - 1 million
France - 1.4 million USA - 100,000 |
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Paris peace conferance
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January 1919 the conference opened. 32 States attended, none of the defeated powers attended nor Russia. The big three had the main decisions. France, UK, USA.
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George Clemenceau - France's view in the Paris peace conference.
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They wanted revenge on Germany, as most of the war was fought of French land. The industry and agricultural industry was ruined. They wanted to cripple Germany and not allow them to recover. Making them pay for the damage and disarm them.
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David Lloyd George - Britain view in the Paris peace conference.
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Although Britain wanted Germany to suffer, Lloyd-George didn't share those views. He didn't want the settlement to be so harsh that Germany wouldn't agree and may turn to communism. Also Britain depended on trade for wealth so he needed Germany to recover.
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Woodrow Wilson - USA viewsviewsa in the Paris peace conference.
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Wilson wanted peace and new standards into public life. He believed that all countries should be open with one another. Americans thought that USA should have nothing to do with Europe. He wanted the league of nations.
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Woodrow Wilson 14 points
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No secret treaties
Freedom if the seas Free trade Disarment Independence for belgium League of nations |
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Signing of the treaty of versailles
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German delegates were forced to sign the treaty of versailles on 28 June 1919. Wilson had insisted of the league of nations included, because he thought he could modify th3 extremes of the treaty later.
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Treaty of versailles loss of land
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Alsace & lorraine restored to France.
Eupen & malmedy given to Belgium. North schleswig given to Denmark. The saar coalfield under control of LoN for 15 years, france taking the coal. After 15 yrs was to be plebiscite. Independent Poland restored. Port of danzig free city under control of LoN, Poland needed a sea trade. User silesia divided between Germany and Poland. Independent States, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Union of Austria & hungry forbidden. |
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Treaty of versailles military restictions
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Men limited to 100,000
No conscription Tanks, aircraft forbidden Navy limited to 15,000 men and 6 battleships with no submarines Rhineland demilitarised, allied troops occupied it till 1930. |
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Treaty of versailles war guilt
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Germany forced to accept all guilt, allowing allies to demand reparations.
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Treaty of versailles reparations
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£6,600 million, 42 years to pay it back. It was reduced in 1929 and and Germany stopped paying in 1930's.
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Germany objections to the Treaty of Versailles - diktat
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Germany had expected to negotiate the terms, but they were given 3 weeks and only minor details were changed. Germany called the TofV a diktat meaning dictated peace. People like Hitler thought they didn't need to keep to the terms.
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Germany objections to the Treaty of Versailles - loss of land
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Germany had lost 72,500km square of land. Also 6-7 million people. This was over 10% of its land and people. Germany lost 1.5 million German speakers to Poland.
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Germany objections to the Treaty of Versailles - military restrictions
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Germany felt that the army was to small to defend it's self or control the people of Germany. Also the 14 points mentioned Disarment for all.
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Germany objections to the Treaty of Versailles - war guilt
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The German people felt it unfair for them to he punished for the war which was the kaiser and othe4 countries fault.
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Germany objections to the Treaty of Versailles - reperations
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They couldn't pay back the large sums of money. France wanted to cripple Germany so that they couldn't start another war. Although Lloyd-George needed Germany for trade.
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Strengths and weaknesses if the treaty of versailles
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It bought peace to Europe. It set up an international organisation league of nations. However Germany was now angry, if they ever recovered the bad things would happen. USA never signed the treaty and didn't join the LoN so the treaty was never corrected.
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Membership of the League of Nations (which countries when and for how long joined)
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It was supposed to be the most powerful countries yet when USA never joined it left it weakened from the start. Also Germany wasn't allowed to join at the start so it was known as the league of victors.
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3 main things that leaders had to sign to join the league of nations.
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No secret treaties.
Reduction and control of arms. Collective security - if one member was attacked the other members had to act against the aggressor. |
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The assembly of the league of nations
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The assembly met once a year to discus topics, such as admission of new members and revision of treaties.
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Main aims of the league of nations
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Everlasting peace
Better living and working conditions Disarment Unity in countries and protection |
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Weakeness of the league
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Due to the withdrawal of USA and exclusion of Germany and Russia. Neither France or Britain wanted to be leaders. Also the LoN depended on good will of the members
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Wall Street crash effect on the league of nations?
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Due to a stock market crash in the US, in 1929. Many countries were concerned for their economies and solving unemployment problems, where less concerned for world peace.
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The manchurian crisis lead up to events
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Due to the expansion or japan's population, and increased poverty. They believed that expanding into manchurian would solve the issues. Also the wall Street crash had reduced Japanese markets, causing poverty.
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Why did they invade manchuria
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What happened in the manchurian crisis?
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In September 1931 the Japanese claimed that there had been an explosion on the railway at Mukden, caused by Chinese sabotage. This gave the Japanese an excuse to invade. Now occupied a territory with a 200 mile radius of Mukden.
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Action taken by the league against the manchurian crisis?
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China appealed to the league of nations, claiming that Japan had committed an act of aggression. While Japan claimed that they had gone to manchuria to restore order. China's rule was chaotic, so manchuria was then made a self governed state. Japan still controlled it. By early 1933 Japan controls the whole of manchuria. Finally the league took action at which the Japanese left the LoN.
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The effect of the manchurian crisis on the league and why was it allowed to happen
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The league had failed, allowing one of the main leaders to get away with an act of aggression. Many countries were suffering the effects of the economic depression, Britain didn't want to risk the fleet against Japan. France had no intention to send troops to the far east. The nearest country was USA who were not in the league. Also it wasn't seen as an act of aggression but intervention.
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Abyssinian crisis background
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Abyssinian was one of the few areas in Africa not ruled by a European country. It was next to Italian territory so it was easy to attack. The raw materials there would help Italian financially. Also it would Divert Italians attention from the great depression to a victorious war. Also mussolini also a LoN member thought they would not resist him like in the manchurian crisis.
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What happened in the abyssinian crisis?
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In December 1934, a dispute between Italian and abyssinian solders at Wal-Wal between abyssinia and Italian Somaliland. Italy invaded abyssinia on 3rd October 1935, claiming that they were bring civilisation
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Action taken by the league of nations in the abyssinian crisis sanctions
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Much to the surprise of mussolini the league condemned Italy's invasion as an act of aggression. Trade in arms to Italy were stopped, and imports from Italy was stopped. Britain and France didn't want to loose mussolini to Hitler, so limited sanctions. USA (not in LoN) still supplied oil, france traded iron and steel. And Britain fear of unemployment in UK in coal industry carried on supplying coal. Although they could've stopped Italy by closing the suez canal they didn't want to loose their friendship.
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Abyssinian crisis actions taken by the league hoare-laval pact
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In December 1935 sir Samuel hoare-laval and French prime minister pierre laval. Made the hoare-laval pact giving Italy 2/3 of abyssinia. However news was leaked in Britain, hoare was forced to resign and drop the pact. Italy in may 1936 claimed a victory over abyssinia and it became part of Italians empire despite pleas from emperor of abyssinia.
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The effect of the abyssinian crisis on the league of nations.
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Italy left the league in 1936 so the sanctions were withdrawn. It marked the end of the LoN. Hitler took advantage of the abyssinian crisis, he sent troops into the Rhineland in March 1936, as Britain and France were to occupied with abyssinia. Mussolini and Hitler became allied when he signed the Rome-Berlin axis. Later Japan joined the axis when it was renamed the anti comintern pact.
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Rome-Berlin axis / anti-comintern pact start information
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This was an alliance with Italy and Germany. Later Italy left the LoN. Also Japan joined the axis. It was renamed the anti-comintern pact. Europe was clearly dividing into two sides.
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Hitler 3 main aims in foreign policy.
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To make Germany into a great power
To unit all German speaking people under his rule To gain territory for Germany in the East to to provide living space for the German people |
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Achieving Hitler aims
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To achieve these aims he would have to destroy the treaty of versailles.
Change the settlement of treaty of versailles of lands inhibited by German people including saar & danzig. Bring 7 million from Austria, 4 million Czechs and Poland German speakers into his empire. Build up the army proving that it is once again a great power. Expand into the East, without communism (Hitler hated communism) |
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Germany rearmament but Hitler insistence of peace in 1933
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In 1933 Hitler withdrew Germany from the Disarmament Conference and from the league of nations. He insisted that Germany wanted peace. In 1935 Germany began to rear and introduce conscription. Germany excuse was that France had increased conscription f4om 12 to 18 months.
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The league of nations action when Hitler left league of nations and rearmament
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Although it was against the treaty of versailles, Britain thought that the treaty was unfair. France wanted action but couldn't on its own. USSR was scared of Germany so they joined the league of nations. Hitler took advantage of Britain's and France's disagreement and carried on his aims.
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Ten year non-agression pact
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In 1934 Hitler signed the 10 year non-agression pact with Poland. It pleased Poland the at they would no5 try to take back the Polish corridor. Also it proved to Britain that Hitler was peaceful.
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Failed anschluss
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In 1934 he encouraged the Austrian next party to rebel it lead to the murder of the Chancellor. But mussolini moved his army to the frontier of Austria guaranteeing their independence. So Hitler backed down.
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Anglo-Norman naval agreement
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In 1935 was further proof to British of Hitler peaceful intentions. It limited Germany navy to 35% of British fleet, not including submarines. By signing, Britain had agrees with Germany rearmament. Weakening the stresa front as Britain had not consulted Italy or France. By 1938 the German army reached 800,000 the navy 47 u boats, and 2,000 aircraft.
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Stresa front
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In 1935 Britain, France and Italy formed the stresa front opposing Germanys aims to change the terms of the treaty of versailles
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The return of the saar in 1935
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In January 1935 a plebiscite was held to decide whether it should remain under control of the league of nations, join France or return to Germany. The population was mainly German. 90% voted to rejoin Germany. The return of saar to Germany was illegal, there was always going to be a plebiscite after 15 years.
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The remilitarisation of the Rhineland events
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On 7 March 1936 German soldiers entres Rhineland. This was against the treaty of versailles. Afterwards Hitler signed a 25 year non aggression pact. The league of nations should have acted, only USSR voted to impose sanctions on Germany.
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The remilitarisation of the Rhineland why was there no action taken against hitler
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Hitler had chosen the perfect time, because Britain and France were concerned about abyssinian crisis. Britain felt Germany was doing nothing wrong, and France didn't want to act alone without Britain. Germany was only moving troops while mussolini was invading.
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Could Hitler have been stopped in 1936 when he was remilitarising Rhineland?
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Yes he could have, but nobody was prepared to take action. He took a big risk because the German army was significantly weaker than France's, and if economic sanctions were placed on Germany they would have been crippled.
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Results of the remilitarisation of the Rhineland
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Hitler had reversed the treaty of versailles giving him confidence
Hitler was now stronger in germany Signing of the Rome-Berlin axis, Britain and France had failed to separate mussolini and Hitler End of the league of nations as a means if keeping peace |
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Anschluss with austria
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The union of Germany with Austria, had been forbidden by the treaty of versailles. Although mussolini prevented a take over in 1934, by 1938 they were now allied. In 1938 there were rumors to overthrow the Austrian government. The Chancellor schuschnigg appealed to Hitler for help, but he put pressure on him to appoint the Austrian name leader. Chancellor schuschnigg called a plebiscite on whether of not Austria wanted independence. Hitler not willing to take the risk he moved German troops to the boarderboarder. To call of the plebiscite and force him to resign, because Britain and France never helped, schuschnigg resigned.
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Seyss-inquart leadership because if the events of anschluss
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He invited the Germans into Austria to restore order. They entered on the 12 March. 80,000 opponents of Hitler were placed in concentration camps. He then later handed power onto Hitler. After a vote 99.75% agreed to anschluss. Although France and Britain protested they did nothing. As Austria was German speaking and the vote showed they wanted it. Also Britain feared communism in USSR so they welcomed a strong Germany.
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Results of anschluss
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Germany had economic resources from the iron and steel industry from Austria.
Hitler further destroyed the TofV. Germany now surrounded czchoslovakia on three sides Mussolini and Hitler alliance was strong Anschluss was popular with Austria |
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Expansion of Germany 1935-1939 map
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What was appeasement? Between 1919-1939
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Chamberlain believed in taking an active role in solving Hitlers grievances, as he though that the treaty of versailles was unfair. He wanted to show him that reasonable claims could be negotiated rather than by force. So there would be no war. Although it meant that the aims had to be reasonable and to do with the treaty. France after 1937 supported appeasement to prevent war.
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Arguments in favour of appeasement
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That Germany could solve it's issues
Britain wanted to avoid war Britian was suffering economical and couldn't afford rearmament After the collapse of the league of nations they needed to keep peace Britian feared communism over Hitler, and wanted to stop USSR |
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Arguments against appeasement
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Hitler couldn't be trusted, and had broken promises since 1933
It made Britian look weak and gave Hitler confidence Bretrayal to countries once protected by the league of nations Increased Hitlers strength and power |
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The sudetenland crisis in 1938
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The sudetenland was a western part of czchoslovakia with 3 million German speakers. Hitler wanted it, Hitler encouraged a campaign for independence and riots broke out. Chamberlain wanted to use appeasement to stop war. After Chamberlain flew to Germany, he found that Hitler wanted the German speaking Czechs to join Germany, but only after plebiscite. France and Britian forced the Czech president to accept. But Hitler now demands all the Sudetenland. Chamberlain refuses. Then Britian is invited to the Munich conference.
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Munich conference and agreement after the sudetenland crisis.
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30 September 1938. Chamberlain, Hitler, mussolini and daladier (france) no Czechs or USSR were invited. They agreed that sudetenland was to become Germanys. Czechs were forced to accept it. Chamberlain and Hitler then met promising not to go to war again. He returned with piece of paper on 1st October.
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The importance of the Munich agreement
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Hitler and gained the sudetenland without fighting
Czchoslovakia had been betrayed Peace maintained by Chamberlain Czchoslovakia now vanrable Britain speeded up rearmament USSR left out and betrayed |
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The collapse of czchoslovakia
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Czchoslovakia had lost 70% of it heavy industry and it's defence frontier at Munich. In October 1938 Poland gained the province of teschen, and hungry expanded into Czchoslovakia. Hitler then forced the Czech president to hand over the country. Hitler marched in claiming to restore order. Britian and France protested but didn't take action.
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The effect of Hitlers takeover of Czchoslovakia
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End of appeasement as there were no German speakers so not TofV.
Hitler proved not to be trusted. Britian and France didn't help the Czechs but did sign promising to help Poland if ever under attack. Mussolini conquered albania Conscription was introduced in uk Hitler withdrew from the non aggression pact with Poland and Anglo German naval agreement. |
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USSR role in protecting Poland but issues with communism
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When Britain and France promised to help Poland if under attack. Only USSR could defend them. So Britian and France began talks to reach an agreement. However Poland was just as afraid of communism as they were Hitler. They felt if the Soviet army entres they would not leave. However USSR knew that Britian had been using Germany as a block to communism. Also they knew of the exclusion from the Munich conference. So it lead them to signing the nazi-soviet with Hitler.
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The nazi-soviet pact
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This pact had come as a surprise as communism and fascism were sworn eminies. This contradicted the anti-comintern pact that Hitler had signed with Italy and Japan, opposing communism. It was that they wouldn't go to war, and that they would divide Poland between both of them. Hitler regaining the Polish corridor and danzig and Russia the lands in ww1.
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The importance of the nazi-soviet pact
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It meant that Hitlers attack on plans was inevitable.
Hitler presumed that Britian would back down like with Munich especially as danzig used to be Germanys. If Britian kept the promise to defend Poland war was inevitable Britian and France had lost another ally in the USSR. |
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Poland and the outbreak of war
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Hitler wanted danzig, so in April 1939 he demanded that Poland handed it over. Poland refused, and Britian warned that if he invaded Poland they would support Poland. On 1st September 1939 Germany invaded Poland. On 3rd September Britian declared war.
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The end of world war 2, reasons and date
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It ended in 1945 with the surrender of Germany in may and the dropping if the atom bomb in August forcing Japan to surrender. Soviet troops entered Berlin causing Germany to surrender and Hitler to commit suicide.
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The lead up to the cold war
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Since 1941 USA, USSR had joined together to fight against Germany, however the superpowers began to show their differences. This led to the cold war.
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Ideological differences between USA and USSR causing the cold war.
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Type of government, economic systems and individual rights.
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How both USA and USSR felt under threat causing the cold war
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Both USA and USSR felt under threat. USA thought that stalin was trying to take over the world spreading communism. As stalin was occupying as much of the land that Germany had previously taken during ww2. However stalin felt under threat from future invasion. As during the war USA delayed opening a second front in Europe to relieve pressure on USSR. To exhaust USSR leaving it open to attack. So he was building a 'buffer zone'
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The yalta conference
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Held in February 1945 to decide what to do with Germany before the end of the war. Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill attended. Germany was to be divided into four, occupied with UK, USA, USSR and France. Berlin divided into four as well. Nazi war criminals punished. After being freed from Germany countries hold plebiscite. UN set up to replace LofN to keep peace. Germany pay reparations. USSR entered war against Japan for gains in the east. UK know about atom bomb not USSR.
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Germany defeated in ww2 date
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May 1945
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The potsdam conference who attended and what happened
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July 1945 after Germany defeat, but still Japan is fighting. Roosevelt died so Trueman replaced him, but he was not prepared to negotiate with stalin. Attlee won election in uk replacing Churchill. Soviet troops had stayed in East Europe and stayed there. East Germany taken over by communist party of Poland, supported by stalin. No free elections. Stalin had not been told about the atomic bomb made by USA. Stalin was suspicious.
They agreed that countries could take their own reparations from each divided zo email. But USSR was not aloud industrial equipment. |
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The dropping of the atomic bomb and the effects
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Trueman to prevent further casualties made a decision to d4op the atom bomb. Hiroshima 6th August and Nagasaki 9th August. Japan surrender on 10th August. Trueman had informed Churchill at yalta of the atomic bomb, stalin not aware of the bomb. So although soviets joined war on 8th August and made gains in the east, not allowed to share in the defeat of Japan.
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The Iron Curtain: the Soviet expansion in the east
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The USSR expanded after ww2, determind to build his buffer zone, to prevent future invasion. When each country was freed from Germany by the USSR, the Soviet army remained. Churchill feared Soviet advance, he wanted to secure Berlin from USSR. He warned Trueman of the USSR. Although Trueman did not see the worry. Even when Churchill made his famous iron curtain speech.
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The Iron Curtain countries table
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The Trueman Doctrine and the start of the cold war
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After British troops freed Greece from nazis and restored the monarchy. They have been helping the kind. By 1947 Britian was unable to support Greece and told USA. This made Trueman realise that Europe needed support from USA. USA gave $400 million to Greece and Turkey to fight against communism. By 1949 the communist threat had gone. Trueman said that they would actively help Europe, to contain communism. Called the policy of containment. Many communists felt it was a declaration of war, leading to the start of the cold war.
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The Marshall plan
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Due to Europe being poor because of ww2 and the threat of communism. Trueman sent George Marshall to assess the damage. He reported that Europe would need $17 billion to aid it's recovery. When the minister of czchoslovakia was murdered and Stalin took control of czchoslovakia, USA granted money. Marshall aid was given to 16 countries. Yugoslavia defied stalin and accepted the money. The soviets claimed that it was dollar imperialism, bribing European countries so they were dependant on the USA. The money helped the recovery. USA gave money so that there wasn't another another depression.
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Cominform
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Stalin reaction to the Trueman Doctrine and Marshall aid. In September 1947. All communist parties in Europe were involved to defend communism. Members were expected to trade with one another and not the West. When yugoslavia showed independence, stalin expelled it from cominform.
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Conecon
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The USSR offered aid to satellite States in 1949 intending to unite communist economies. But it increased stalins control over them.
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The Berlin blockade
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At yalta it was agreed that Germany should pay for damages of ww2. USSR confiscated many of the resources of its zone , trying to keep Germany weak. Trueman after the Soviet advance thought that Germany would make a good barrier. Germany was given Marshall aid. The three Western zones joined, alarming USSR. In 1949 UK and USA made a new currency for West Germany. Stalin not involved. West Berlin was recovering while East Berlin was weak. Stalin closed routes into West Germany, meaning blocking food supplies. His plan was to starve the West from Berlin so soviets could take Berlin.
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Stalins plan to get Berlin, and formation of West and East Germany.
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The Berlin airlift
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Trueman was not prepared to allow his containment policy to fail. If they gave in to West Berlin then they may lose West Germany. If they forced their way into the city with tanks they would start a war. They decided on three air routes. By 1948, 8000 tonnes a day of supplies were sent in. In winter 1948 stalin tried to persuade West Berliners with extra rations if they joined East Berlin. He was going to attack the planes, yet th is would be declaring war and he was sacred of USAs nuclear bombs. In may 1949 stalin lifted the blockade.
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The importance of the Berlin blockade and airlift
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The USA and the West proved they were able to stand to the USSR, proving the success of the Trueman Doctrine.
It seperated Germany into pro-soviet and pro-Western. Victory in the West and led to formation of NATO. Deepened hospitality between the East and West impacting in the cold war. |
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Formation of NATO
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The Berlin blockade convinced America of a defence strategy to oppose acts of aggression. Led to the signing of the North Atlantic treaty and organisation in April 1949. A military pact to support one another. 12 members: USA, GB, France, Portugal, Italy, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Canada. Then Greece and Turkey in 1952 and West Germany in 1955. It meant that USA could build air bases in West Europe with nucleus bombs carried in planes.
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The nuclear arms race
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After Hiroshima and Nagasaki it led to a nuclear arms race against USA and USSR. It was thought that the more nuclear bombs meant power. It became a competition, both countries scared of being at a disadvantage. Until 1949 USA was in the lead. In 1949 USSR exploded it's first atomic bomb. The hydrogen bomb made by USA in 1952. The H bomb was more powerful but smaller.
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The Korean war
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After ww2 Korea was freed from Japanese soldiers. North occupied Soviet soldiers, south Korea American soldiers. They were going to hold an election, which USA supported thinking that the North with communism would be out voted. However this was impossible and two states were set up. The south anti-communist, and soviets set up a communist governemnet under Kim il sung. Although troops left in 1949, they were still supported. Both leaders of the North and south claimed to be the sole leader. Stalin and China encouraged a war, supplying them with tanks. NKorea claimed that they were protecting themselves because troops from the south had crossed the border.
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The North Korean advance
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NK attacked SK in 1950 and advanced quickly capturing the capital Seoul. They soon occupied all of sith Korea apart from the pusan pocket. Communism had been successful in China, and USA feared that Korea was part of the domino effect of communism.
USSR was boycotting the UN as it wouldn't accept China. So USA appealed for help for south Korea through the UN, because USSR couldn't veto it. |
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UN intervention in the Korean war
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A UN army was sent to Korea. Led by USA, most of the troops were American and Trueman saw it as part of his containment of communism. NK were forced to retreat when their supplies were cut off. Then USA troops invaded NK and captured the capital and occupied up to the border of communist China.
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Final advance of Korean war
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China decided to hep North Korea, about 250,000 troops the entred Korea. By January 1951 they drove out UN troops once again capturing SK capital Seoul. America wanted to attack using an atomic bomb but Trueman dismissed the idea and went back to containment. By June 1951 UN troops drove communism out of SK. Peace talks were held and a frontier still remains.
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Casualties to the Korean war
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4 million soldiers and civilians of keorea
50,000 American troops 900,000 Chinese casualties |
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The importance of the Korean war
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Cold war reached the far east.
Trueman prepared to contain communism The superpowers never wanted a hot war, as soviets never directly became involved, and truman refused to drop an atomic bomb, as he didn't want the war to spread. China became a world power UN had been able to resist an act of aggression USSR was never involved in fighting although supplied weapons. Korea is still divided |
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The thaw
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The death of stalin in 1953 led to a new direction of the communist party. USA was willing to discuss easing the tension of the cold war. The Korean war was ended. Also USSR signed the Austrian state treaty ending their occupation of Austria, which at the end of ww2 had been split in 4 and USSR had taken supplies. Krushchev was made leader he wanted to stop the communist revolution. They needed to live in peace even if they didn't agree with their ideas, peaceful coalition.
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The Warsaw pact
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In 1955 Germany joined NATO. USSR was scared of a re-emergence of Germany, leading to the Warsaw pact. A military alliance for metal defence. All countries were placed under Soviet control for the purpose of defence. But also USSRs kept countries under control.
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Krushchev and soviets after death of stalin and their relationship
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Although krushchev said that they need peaceful co-existence with the West it did not change the Soviet policy of crushing challenges facing the Soviet control on Europe. Also it did not stop the cold war.
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The Hungarian rising background
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After ww2 with the support of USSR a communist government was set up with Rakosi as leader. When stalin died the more moderate Nagy replaced him. But in 1955 Rakosi seized power again. The Hungarians hated Rakosi and his secret police, due to the violence. Falling standards of living and increased poverty. So Krushchev encouraged the Hungarians to protest.
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The Hungarian rising events
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The protests increased and in October riots broke out in Budapest. Fighting lasted 5 days, stalins statue was pulled down and dragged through the streets. Only the secret police remained loyal with Rakosi, many were hung. Rakosi was forced to resign and soviet tanks moved in. Nagy became prime minister and soviet tanks moved out. It looked like the USSR had been defeated by a satellite state. Nagy made reforms: free elections, end of secret police, and removal of Soviet army. Krushchev accepted it but this changed when Nagy demanded, that hungry removed from the Warsaw pact. This would mean that there would be a gap in the iron curtain and soviet buffer zone.
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The Hungarian rising, Soviet control
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Soviet troops re-entered on 1 November. By 4 November they reached Budapest. Over 1000 tanks moved in, to crush uprising. Nagy appealed for help but none came. two weeks of fighting, the soviets won and a new government was set up. Nagy was shot and Kadar took over.
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The Hungarian rising results
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Between 2,500 and 30,000 Hungarians were killed.
There was no support from the west Satalite States didn't dare challenge Soviet authority ever again Krushchev showed that peaceful co-existence had its limits. It marked a stalemate because West didn't interfere with soviets |
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The beginning of the space race
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USSR had developed technology to fire a satellite into space before USA. Americans had considered them selves superior to communist countries. The space race was closely tied with the nuclear arms race. So they feared a nuclear war.
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The nuclear arms race and space race
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USA was always ahead of nuclea4 weapons, but this changed when sputnik 1 was launched. It meant that soviets had developed rockets that could carry nuclear warheads to reach USA. By 1958 the USA developed its own intercontinental ballistic missiles that could be stored underground. The countries kept building up the weapons which was expensive but prevented war as they both had enough weapons to destroy one another, known as a nuclear deterrent. By the 1960s they had enough weapons to destroy the world known as mutually assured destruction.
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Sputnik and both countries had too many weapons.
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The u2 crisis
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The u2 spy plane was developed by Americans. They could fly in high altitudes, and had been flown over USSR for 4 years. On the 1 may 1960 a u2 plane was shot down by a Soviet missile. Krushchev developed the photos and proved that they had been spied on. Krushchev announced that the u2 plane had been shot down. USA tried to cover it up that it had gone off course. Krushchev then told the world and demanded an apology, as USA had been caught spying and lying about it. But Eisenhower refused, that they were just protecting themselves. This stopped USSR from signing a peace treaty that would have ended the cold war.
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The importance of the u2 crisis
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It ended the Paris peace submit meeting and the end of the cold war.
Building of the Berlin wall End of peace co-existence USA was blamed for the failure, Eisenhower was then beat in election by JFK Propaganda victory for ussr Cuban missile crisis was a retaliation for USSR Chinese felt that USA could not be trusted |
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The Berlin Wall
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Berlin was a divided city, stalin had tried to take West Berlin but beat by the Berlin airlift. West begin had higher living standards due to the Marshall plan. 2 million people moved from East to west (1945-1961). In 1961 Krushchev put a stop to it. When JFK refused to give up West Berlin, Krushchev closed the boarder. Over night on 13th August 1961 krushchev closed the border with barbed wire.
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The wall goes up
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The barbed wire was soon replaced with a 45km stone wall. There were soldiers who were ordered to kill anyone who attempted to cross the border. Familys was seperated, and commuters were not aloud to return to their jobs. 40 Germans were killed in the first year in attempt in crossing. There was Propaganda against the soviets that communism had failed because they had to cage in their citizens.
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Views on the Berlin Wall
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In 1963 Kennedy visited the wall and made a speech that to be a citizen of Berlin was the protest boast of a free man. West Germany was happy.
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Importance of the Berlin Wall
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It reduced the number of people who deserted Berlin.
Proporganda victory for the Americans It stabilises the economy for the East Germany. It was settled peacefully by Kennedy calm reaction USA no longer feared a repeat of the Berlin blockade It removed an area of conflict between the two superpowers There were 136 official deaths of people attempting to cross the wall. |
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Castro and Cuba
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Cuba is a island close to to USA. Until 1959 it was run by a corrupt dictator Batista, who was friendly with USA, as it was a big market for Cuban goods. In 1959 Batista was beat in a revolution led by Castro, who became leader. He sized American businesses, so in retaliation USA refused to buy the Cubans main export (sugar), so they arranged to sell to USSR. Castro was believed to be a communist and USA was scared.
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The bay of pigs
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Before Kennedy came into power there was a plan to invade Cuba, the CIA advised Kennedy. With USA's support a force of around 1,400 rebels landed on the bay of pigs in Cuba. They were trapped on the beach and so they were easily defeated by Castro. USA blamed Kennedy, as he refused air cover so not to look like they were supporting the rebels. Sympathy from the world was with Cuba. Castro announced they were communist so USSR provided weapons. Krushchev thought JFK was weak and provided Cuba with long range missiles that could be fired at USA.
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The start of the Cuban missile crisis
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As soviets hadn't developed missiles like USA which could be fired from submarines, with a Base in Cuba so close to USA aloud them to threaten them. USA suspected missile bases but USSR denied. In October 1962, USA built a u2 spy plane which took pictures. They could carry hydrogen bombs. And could destroy USA cities in 20 minuets.
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The difficulties facing USA during Cuban missile crisis
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If JFK ignored the missiles and just protested then he would seem weak. If he launched an attack it would cause lose of life. It could cause a nuclear war with USSR and destruction to the rest of the world. Kennedy thought putting up a naval blockade was best. In October he announced that sea within 800 km of Cuba would be placed under quarantine and no ships carrying weapons would be aloud in. He asked krushchev to remove weapons.
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Crisis point in Cuban missile crisis
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Soviet ships carrying rockets approached Cuba. On the 24 October when in sight of the blockade the ships turned around. On the 26 October Krushchev agreed to consider dismantling the missile sites if USA lifted the blockade. Then he sent a second letter saying he would remove the missiles if USA removed missiles in Turkey. JFK ignored the second and replied to the first, agreeing to lift the blockade. JFK threatened to invade Cuba if krushchev hadn't replied by 29 October.
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2 reasons that could have caused Cuban missile crisis and why did they avoid war
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Soviet ship boarded and nuclear bombs found on board, so they new that they were sending them.
A u2 plane was shot down and pilot killed, so USSR knew they were spying. The UN Secretary General edges them to avoid war. Krushchev agreed to dismantle missile sites, if JFK removed blockade, and promised not to invade Cuba. Krushchev claimed that he was just guaranteeing the saftey of Cuba. So the blockade was lifted and missile sites dismantled. |
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The results of the Cuban Missile Crisis
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Nuclear war had been avoided.
USSR had an ally near USA, which balanced the allies that USA had near USSR. JFK reputation increased, as he forced krushchev to back down on the missiles. Krushchev claimed to be a peace maker because of protecting Cuba. JFK secretly agreed to remove missiles in Turkey. Both leaders understood how close they had come to war, a hot line was set up so they could speak to one another directly. A Disarment Conference was held in 1962, nuclear test ban, to avoid atmosphere pollution. |
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Prague spring
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Dubcek the Czech communist party leader, introduced communism with a human face. Censorship of media was removed and secret police removed. The Czechs were allowed to trade with the West, popular but USSR was concerned, that they would join West Europe and cause a gap in the iron curtain. Soviet tanks invaded czchoslovakia. The government did not resist (no fighting) the people attacked the tanks and USSR was surprised at their hatred. Hudak was made leader and Dubcek was allowed to return as a minor official, but was then dismissed from the communist party.
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Brezhnev Doctrine
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The speech made it clear that any country that attempted to break away from Soviet control would be regarded as a threat if the Warsaw pact.
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The effects of the events in czchoslovakia in 1968
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It gave a clear message that satalite countries couldn't break way from Soviet control
It ended attempts to reform communism Czechs were resentful of Soviet rule, 250,000 emigrated after The West disproved of Soviet action but did nothing. USA and USSR were on a better relationship |
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