Fundamentals Of Human Neuropsychology. Kolb.- Neuroanatomy

Front 1

What do Astrocytes do?

Back 1

help make up the blood brain barrier (protective mechanism for brain),

Front 2

What are Astrocytes important for?

Back 2

important for neural development (form the bridges that scaffold the brain so neurons can reside in the brain),

Front 3

What's Astrocytes' relation with brain injury?

Back 3

one of the first things that take action when you suffer a brain injury

Front 4

What's a microglia?

Back 4

Microglia: scavengers of the nervous system (eat dead or dying neurons), important role after a brain injury (cleaning up dead/dying neurons b/c of injury)

Front 5

What do Schwann cells do? And where are they located?

Back 5

found outside the brain and spine (nerves in arms, legs, etc), support neural communication by insulating the neural signal

Front 6

What do Oligodendrocytes do?

Back 6

found in the brain and the spine, support neural communication by insulating the neural signal

Front 7

Where is cancer often found?

Back 7

Glial cells replicate, often cancer is found in glial cells not neurons

Front 8

What do Interneurons do?

Back 8

sharing information, integrating information, represent memories, help to reason and make decisions, most common type of neuron (90%)

Front 9

What do Cell bodies contain (2)?

Back 9

contains nucleus, mitochondria

Front 10

Where are dendrites? What do they do?

Back 10

Dendrites: on the cell body, receive neural signals

Front 11

What is an axon?

Back 11

Axon: path down which the signal is sent

Front 12

What's the job of Myelin Sheath? What do they contain?

Back 12

Myelin sheath: insulation (Oligodendrocytes), speed the signal

Front 13

What's a terminal?

Back 13

Terminal: point in which the electrical signal turns into a chemical signal, send signals, at end of the axon

Front 14

What's a action potential?

Back 14

Action potential: signal is sent, starts at the beginning of the axon, speeds its way to the terminal, signal always looks the same (doesn’t matter the strength of stimulation)

Front 15

What's a Saltatory conduction?

Back 15

Action Potential jumps down the axon at Nodes of Ranvier to strengthen the signal so it is just as strong at the terminal (at each space b/w myelin, signal is regenerated → just as strong at end of axon as it is at the beginning)

Front 16

What causes MS?

Back 16

Progressive damage to the myelin → progressively destroyed by the immune system

Front 17

What are symptoms of MS?

Back 17

Symptoms: visual loss, tingling, clumsiness, memory problems, sleep patterns

Front 18

What happens when signal reaches terminal?

Back 18

Inside terminal there are packages of chemicals that become activated when signal reaches terminal and dump out neurotransmitter into synaptic gap

Front 19

What do neurotransmitters do?

Back 19

Neurotransmitters link to receptor sites on postsynaptic neuron and sends a signal

Front 20

What happens to chemicals after they neurotransmitters are linked to receptor sites?

Back 20

* Chemicals then fall off and are broken down in the synaptic gap (enzyme deactivation) OR
* reuptake occurs (repackaging it for subsequent use → recycling neurotransmitters)

Front 21

What is enzyme deactivation?

Back 21

Chemicals fall off and are broken down in the synaptic gap

Front 22

What does an agonist do to the level of neurotransmitter?

Back 22

Agonists increase the level of NT available in the synapse (increasing the effectiveness of NT → good on the left side of the curve, not enough of the NT)

Front 23

What does an antagonist do to the level of neurotransmitter?

Back 23

Antagonists reduce the level of NT available in the synapse (has too much of the NT → right side of the curve)

Front 24

What does dopamine affect?

Back 24

* Reward
* voluntary movement
* working memory

Front 25

Which region creates dopamine (2)?

Back 25

* Substantia nigra
(sends it to areas important for movement → this area dies in Parkinsons disease),
* Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

Front 26

What does Norepinephrine do?

Back 26

* Arousal
* attention (low norepinephrine = attention impairments)
* mood (antidepressants increase norepinephrine levels)

Front 27

Which brain part produces norepinephrine?

Back 27

Produced: Locus coeruleus (in the brain stem)

Front 28

What does histamine effect?

Back 28

* Sleep/wake cycle
* flight or flight (stress response)

Front 29

What does Serotonin do?

Back 29

Mood (depression = low serotonin)

Front 30

Which brain are produces serotonin?

Back 30

Raphe nucleus

Front 31

What does Acetylcholine do?

Back 31

* Memory
* attention
* muscle contractions and movement

Front 32

Where is Acetylcholine produced?

Back 32

Basal forebrain (completely destroying in Alzheimers disease)

Front 33

What's the central nervous system?

Back 33

brain and spinal cord

Front 34

What is the peripheral nervous system?

Back 34

o Peripheral (nerves outside the brain and spinal cord)
Autonomic and Somatic

Front 35

What's the autonomic peripheral nervous system?

Back 35

Autonomic (controls self regulated action of internal organs and glands)
* Sympathetic (arousal)
* Parasympathetic (calming)

Front 36

What are sympathetic/Parasympathetic organs?

Back 36

Arousal = Sympathetic
Calming = Parasympathetic

Front 37

What is Somatic peripheral nervous system?

Back 37

Somatic (controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles)

Front 38

Afferent pathway, which root does it refer to? Which kind of cognition does it support?

Back 38

dorsal root = somatosensory

Front 39

Efferent pathway, which root does it refer to? Which kind of cognition does it support?

Back 39

ventral root = motor

Front 40

Spinal cord divisions

Back 40

(top to bottom) → coth lis
Cervical,
Thoracic,
Lumbar,
Sacral

Front 41

Which part of the spine is damaged in Paraplegia?

Back 41

damage to lumbar spine (controls nerves from the waist down) → inability to move lower body

Front 42

Which part of the spine is damaged in quadriplegia?

Back 42

Damage to cervical area: lose function of arms, shoulders, and everything from that point down → quadriplegia

Front 43

What is Spina bifida?

Back 43

* Incomplete closure of neural tube, spinal cord may be exposed

Front 44

What causes Spina bifida?

Back 44

* Results from deficiency of folic acid during pregnancy

Front 45

What is a Gyrus in the brain?

Back 45

bulges in the cortex

Front 46

What is a Sulcus in the brain?

Back 46

folds

Front 47

What is a Fissure in the brain/

Back 47

deep fold

Front 48

What jobs does the frontal lobe do?

Back 48

evolutionary advanced,
* higher order mental functions (emotion, planning),
* speech production,
* control of movement

Front 49

What job does the parietal lobe do?

Back 49

Parietal lobes: perception of touch, attention

Front 50

What job does the occipital lobe do?

Back 50

visual processing (more protected)

Front 51

What job does the temporal lobe do?

Back 51

* audition
* speech comprehension,
* memory (creating new memories, knowledge, retrieve knowledge/memories)

Front 52

Which lobe has the motor cortex in it?

Back 52

Frontal lobe

Front 53

Which lobe has the somatosensory cortex in it?

Back 53

Parietal lobe

Front 54

Which cortex is located in parietal lobe?

Back 54

Somatosensory cortex

Front 55

Superior

Back 55

above

Front 56

dorsal

Back 56

above

Front 57

Inferior

Back 57

below

Front 58

Ventral

Back 58

below

Front 59

Anterior

Back 59

Front

Front 60

Posterior

Back 60

Back

Front 61

Medial

Back 61

towards the middle of brain

Front 62

Lateral

Back 62

towards the sides of brain

Front 63

Which cut is Sagital view of the brain?

Back 63

Sagittal: profile view (cut front to back)

Front 64

Which view is Axial of brain

Back 64

horizontal: top/bottom view of brain, cut horizontally

Front 65

Which view is preferred in brain injury?

Back 65

Axial/horizontal

Front 66

What is the coronal view of brain?

Back 66

cut up and down (back/front of the head)
o Can see fissure separating temporal and frontal lobe
o See both hemispheres
o If you can see brain stem you are in the back

Front 67

What's the grey matter?

Back 67

cell bodies and dendrites of neuron

Front 68

What is the white matter?

Back 68

White matter: axons of neuron

Front 69

Whis is the white matter white?

Back 69

white because of lipid myelin

Front 70

What test is better for seeing white matter? MRI or DTI?

Back 70

DTI (Diffusion Tensor Imaging): shaking to move water in brain down the axons and get a sense of where connections are in the brain → can better characterize illness/injury

Front 71

What are the the information highways of the brain?

Back 71

White matter

Front 72

What does the thalamus do?

Back 72

* linked to consciousness (damage = lose consciousness)
* sensory gateway (sensory info goes here and then to the lobe – not olfaction)

Front 73

What does hippocampus do?

Back 73

create new memories (damaged in H.M. → anterograde amnesia)

Front 74

What does the Amygdala do?

Back 74

processing of emotions

Front 75

What is the job of basal ganglia?

Back 75

Basal Ganglia: wraps around thalamus laterally,
* voluntary movement (initiate movement)
* Affected in Parkinson’s disease

Front 76

What does midbrain do?

Back 76

Midbrain: substantia nigra (black substance) – creates dopamine + projects it to basal ganglia for movement

Front 77

Forebrain = ____ structures

Back 77

medial

Front 78

name 6 medial structures

Back 78

Thalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Corpus Callosum
Basal Ganglia
Midbrain

Front 79

name 3 Hindbrain structures

Back 79

* Pons
* medulla
* reticular formation
* cerebellum

Front 80

What does Pons do? What is it important for?

Back 80

Pons: connect cerebellum to rest of brain (bridging connections in cerebellum to rest of brain, important role in sleep

Front 81

What are Medulla and Reticular Formation important for?

Back 81

Heart rate, breathing, critical for keeping you alive
* Among the most sensitive areas of the brain
* Brain swelling pushes down on the brain stem → kills people in traumatic brain injury

Front 82

What does Cerebellum do?

Back 82

coordination of movement (walk, write, speak)
* Executing a movement is smooth..
* Drunk = speech slurring and stumbling → alcohol depresses cerebellum

Front 83

What produces the Cerebrospinal fluid?

Back 83

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): in brain and spine, produced and replenished regularly by choroid plexus

Front 84

Where are lateral ventricles located?

Back 84

Horns span from frontal lobes to temporal and occipital lobes

Front 85

Where is the 3rd ventricle?

Back 85

Between the thalami

Front 86

Where is the 4th ventricle located?

Back 86

Located near cerebellum, brain stem

Front 87

What protects the brain from physical damage and contact?

Back 87

Skull

Front 88

What is the substance under the skull called?

Back 88

Dura Mater: tough, leathery substance under the skull
* Surrounds the entire brain

Front 89

What's the pia matter?

Back 89

* Pia mater: thin, delicate substance, outlines the brain, gyri and sulci

Front 90

What's the Subarachnoid space?

Back 90

between pia and dura mater, looks like a spider web, where the cerebrospinal fluid is located (provides buoyancy)

Front 91

What's the order of layers from skull to brain?

Back 91

Skull → Dura Mater → Subarachnoid Space → Pia Mater → Brain

Front 92

Which arteries come from the heart to the brain?

Back 92

Carotid arteries: coming from the heart, high pressure, in the front

Front 93

Where are vertebral arteries?

Back 93

in the back, along the vertebrae

Front 94

Where is the circle of willis located?

Back 94

Base of the brain connection where all arteries come together

Front 95

What is Cerebral angiography?

Back 95

technique to look at arteries in the brain

Front 96

Where do the middle cerebral arteries cover?

Back 96

they cover entire lateral (side) surface of the brain (massive arterial distribution)

Front 97

Where do most strokes occur?

Back 97

Most strokes or blockages happen in middle cerebral arteries (face and hands go numb, have difficulty talking, etc → feet and hands)

Front 98

Where are the Anterior cerebral arteries?

Back 98

front middle part of brain
* Stroke to this artery affects feet and legs

Front 99

Which are does the Posterior cerebral artery cover?

Back 99

covers occipital lobes and bottom of the temporal lobes