Fundamentals Of Human Neuropsychology 3

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Heschl’s gyrus

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gyrus of the human temporal lobe that is roughly equivalent to auditory area I.

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Transverse temporal gyrus is also know as

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Heschl’s gyrus

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interneuron

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any neuron lying between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron

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interoceptive

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C.S. Sherrington’s term referring to the internal sensory receptors, such as those in the viscera

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invariance hypothesis

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suggests that the structure of each cerebral hemisphere ensures that the hemisphere will develop a set of specialized functions

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postulating that the left hemisphere is specialized for language at birth is an example of

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invariance hypothesis

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ion

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positively or negatively charged particle

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ionotropic receptor

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has two parts: a binding site for a neurotransmitter and a pore that regulates ion flow

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ipsilateral

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residing in the same side of the body as the point of reference

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ischemia

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deficiency of blood due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel

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Jacksonian focal seizure

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has consistent sensory or motor symptoms such as a twitching in the face or hand

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Kennard principle

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idea that early brain damage produces less severe behavioral effects than does brain damage incurred later in life

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kindling

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development of persistent seizure activity after repeated exposure to an initially subconvulsant stimulus

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Klüver-Bucy syndrome

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group of symptoms resulting from bilateral damage to the temporal lobes

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hypersexuality, excessive oral behavior, and visual agnosia may suggest

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Klüver-Bucy syndrome

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lateral corticospinal tract

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in the lateral spinal cord, a pathway that carries information instructing movement

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lateral fissure

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deep cleft on the basal surface of the brain that extends laterally, posteriorly, and upward, this separating the temporal and parietal lobes.

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Sylvian fissue is also referred to as

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lateral fissure

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laterality

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refers to the side of the brain that controls a given function

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leu-enkephalin

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peptide neurotransmitter that produces some of the effects of opioid drugs

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limbic lobe

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term coined by Paul Broca to refer to the structures between the brainstem and the telencephalone

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limbic lobe or limbic system includes

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hippocampus, septum, cingulate cortex, hypothalamus, and amygdala

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limb-kinetic apraxia

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person is unable to make voluntary movements in response to verbal commands

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disconnection of the motor program from language may result in

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limb-kinetic apraxia

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lipofuscin granule

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dark-pigmented substance that accumulates in brain cells as they age

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longitudinal fissure

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divides two hemispheres

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sagittal fissure is also known as

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the sagittal fissure

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medulloblastoma

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highly malignant brain tumor found almost exclusively in the cerebellums of children

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What may result from the growth of germinal cells that infiltrate the cerebellum?

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medulloblastoma

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meninges

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three layers of protective tissue – the dura matter, arachnoid, and pia matter – that encase the brain and spinal cord

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meningioma

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encapsulated brain tumor growing from the meninges

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meningitis

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inflammation of the meninges

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mescaline

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poisonous alkaloid from the flowering heads of a Mexican cactus

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This produces an intoxication with delusions of color and sound

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mescaline

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neural tube

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structure in the early stage of brain development from which the brain and spinal cord develop

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neuritic plaques

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areas of incomplete necrosis that are often seen in the cortices of people with senile dementia such as Alzheimer’s disease.

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neuroblast

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any embryonic cell that develops into a neuron

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neurofibril

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any of numerous fibrils making up part of the internal structure of a neuron;

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it transports precursor chemicals for the synthesis of neurotransmitters?

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neurofibrils

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neurohumoral

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refers in general to the action of hormones on the brain

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neuroleptic

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drug used to treat psychosis

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major tranquilizer is also referred to as

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neuroleptic

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neuropeptides

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multifunctional chains of amino acids that act as neurotransmitters

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neurotransmitters

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chemical that is released from a synapse in response to an action potential and acts on postsynaptic receptors to change the resting potential of the receiving cell

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neurotrophic factors

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class of compounds that act to support growth and differentiation in developing neurons

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these may act to keep certain neurons alive in adulthood

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neurotrophic factors

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neurotropic viruses

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have a strong affinity for cells of the central nervous system

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organ of Corti

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organ lying against the basilar membrane in the cochlear duct

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it contains special sensory receptors for hearing and consists of neuroepithelial hair cells and several types of supporting cells

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organ of Corti

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organophosphate

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organic ester of phosphoric or thiophosphoric acid

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otolith organs

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bodies in the inner ear that provide vestibular information

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oval window

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region in the inner ear where the ossicles amplify and convey vibrations that subsequently stimulate the basilar membrane

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paired helical filaments

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two spiral filaments made of chains of amino acids

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paleocortex

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part of the cerebral cortex forming the pyriform cortex and parahippocampal gyrus

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paleopallium is also called

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paleocortex

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pantropic viruses

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viruses that attack any body tissue

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papilledema

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swelling of the optic disc caused by increased pressure from cerebrospinal fluid

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can be used as a diagnostic indicator of tumors or other swellings in the brain

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papilledema

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paragraphia

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writing of incorrect words or perseveration in writing the same word

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paralimbic cortex

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area of three-layered cortex that is adjacent to the classically defined limbic cortex

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paraphasia

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production of unintended syllables, words, or phrases during speech

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paraplegia

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paralysis of the legs due to spinal cord damage

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parasympathetic nerves

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calming nerves that enable the body to “rest and digest”

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paresis

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general term for loss of physical and mental ability due to brain disease, particularly from syphilitic infection

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a term for slight or incomplete paralysis

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paresis

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Parkinson’s disease

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disease of the motor system that is correlated with a loss of dopamine in the brain

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pars opercularis

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part of the inferior frontal lobe adjacent to the parietal love and overhanging the insula

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parvocellular layer

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layer of neurons containing small cells

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peptide

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any compound with low molecular weight that yield two or more amino acids on hydrolysis

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they form the consistent parts of proteins

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peptides

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peptide hormone

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hormone that influences its target cell’s activity by binding to metabotropic receptors on the cell membrane, generating a second messenger that affects the cell’s physiology

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perforant pathway

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large anatomical pathway connecting entorhinal cortex and subiculum with the hippocampal formation

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periaqueductal gray matter (PAG)

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surrounds the cerebral aqueduct responsible for a number of complex responses to pain stimuli, including behavioral activation and emotional responses