Forest Extension

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Phases of extension in agroforestry/forestry development

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1. Community entry and integration

2. Social investigation

3. Social negotiation

4. Social mobilization

5. Reflection

6. Institutionalization

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It is important to gather information about the place such as the culture, the practices and lifestyle of the people (Manalili, 1990).

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Community entry and integration

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Means being one with the people in the community.

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Integration

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The process of getting information about the people's social economic and cultural conditions.

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Social investigation

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The few people in the community who are knowledgeable about the community and who are willing to join in the initial social investigation activities.

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Core Group

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The process of social action in proposing a project or policy recommendations. It entails skill on the part of the extension worker since there are compromises that may arise.

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Social negotiation

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Is the process of getting the people involve in social, political, and other types of community activities. The people's felt needs are problems people recognize.

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Mobilization

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Process of mobilization

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Identify the community felt needs. Legitimize.

Act, evaluate, and feedback

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The process of looking back and evaluating what has been accomplished. Serves as a basis for future planning and decision-making regarding similar activities.

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Reflection

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The process of building a formal, viable and self-sustaining structure with set of functional policies and guidelines, continuing education programs and membership expansion.

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Institutionalization

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Strategies in community organizing

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1. Awakening

2. Empowerment

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One of the key elements toward a sustainable project/program

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Peoples participation

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Is one method of initiating participatory development. It combines interactive methods that seek to understand biophysical resources intertwined with socio-cultural and economic factors that affect community realities.

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Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)

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Refers to a growing family approaches and methods to enable local people to share, enhance and analyze their knowledge of life and conditions, to plan and to act.

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Participatory Rapid Rural Appraisal

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It is an active process by which beneficiaries or client groups influence the direction and execution of a development project with a view to enhancing their well-being in terms of income, personal growth, self-reliance, or other values they cherish.

It is a process of joint dialogue, sharing and analyzing situation to attain consensus towards action and change.

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Concepts of participation

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Levels of participation

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Informing

Consulting

Partnership

Self-management

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Is a process where participating groups choose the means in attaining their goals. The group will decide on what, how, when and who is to do the work.

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Participatory planning

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Three pillars of PRA

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1. Behaviour and attitudes

2. Methods

3. Sharing

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Conducted before or at the onset of field deployment of the CO worker to determine kind of intervention strategy for implementing the CBFM project.

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Community Profiling and Resource Assessment

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Is almost like Participatory Rapid Rural Appraisal (PPRA), or what others call Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA), and Survey, Mapping and Planning (SMP).

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Community profiling

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Is sometimes called community resource inventory or situational analysis. This entails listing of all natural and manmade resources in the community and their corresponding nature and use.

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Resource assessment

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Can be treated as part of resource assessment. Data gathered includes: products (raw and processed) available able in the community, flow of goods (within, from within to outside and vice versa), price trends in certain markets or outlets, demand and supply of goods, prospective markets and business opportunities, and economic overlord system (credit, 5-6, loans, banks).

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Market study

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Information about certain CBFM projects or alternative projects, environmental and socio-economic issues, laws and regulations, land tenure instruments, and many more subjects are disseminated as the CO worker integrates with the community.

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Information, Education and Communication (IEM)

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Designed for a single farmer or a small group of farmers (sometimes called household/farmer cooperators), which serves as a farm development guide. The key output of this activity is a farm plan.

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Farm planning

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Serves as the monitoring tool of both the family/household and the CO worker.

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Farm plan

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It is a series of activities aimed at determining and assessing the existing and potential resources of the community.

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Community planning

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The key output of community planning

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Comprehensive Resource Management Development Plan ( CRMDP )

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An income generating activity in the form of a short-term project with relatively small investment, simple tasks and systems, and small returns on investment.

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Enterprise

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Long-term projections, bigger market/s, more complex systems and rules, and quite large investments.

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Large scale enterprises

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Serves as basis for planning and decision-making as well as a venue for reflecting.

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Monitoring, Evaluation and Adjustment (MEA)

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Types of community study

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1. Preliminary community study

2. In-depth community study

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This concerns the physical characteristics of the area (i.e., location, climate, sex, occupation, etc.) of the residents.

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Preliminary community study

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This explores deeper study in terms of the socio-economic, political conditions and relation within the community.

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In-depth community study

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The formal turn-over ceremony marks the complete transfer to the community/leaders of the roles, functions and responsibilities which were formerly assumed before by the CO worker and other project implementors.

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Community take-over

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Collective planning, decision-making, implementation and MEA of project activities using particular roles and responsibilities.

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Management

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The stage of project implementation wherein the CO worker and other co-implementors gradually transfer the roles and responsibilities to the community/organization.

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Phase-out

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The PO, a well-established group/association within a community with active leadership and ideals, existing projects, financial systems and procedures, and a set of laws and regulations

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Organization

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Start of community or organization's implementation and management of existing and future project activities. However, it does not mean an end of PO's collaboration with government, NGOs and other institutions, but rather is deemed to develop a lasting relationship with them.

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Take-over

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Part of project implementation where the total project management is transferred by the implementor, i.e., CO worker and other project co-workers, to the PO.

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Turn-over

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An occasion marking the phase-out of the CO worker and the formal take-over of the community.

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Turn-over ceremony

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People are made to realize they have needs and possess capabilities to meet their needs. Common problems are analyzed and prioritized by the people.

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Awakening

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The people can create activities and manage their resources to answer their identified and prioritized needs. Leaders are provided with education programs on leadership, project management and resources mobilization for them to manage their activities efficiently and effectively.

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Empowerment

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Is a systematic planned and liberating change process of transforming a community into an organized, conscious, empowered, self-reliant, just, and human entity and institution (DENR-UDP, 1991).

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Community organizing

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This considers identifying and understanding people’s reality, aspirations, and limitations from their point of view.

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Situation analysis

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People’s desired outcomes of the project are express in specific and measurable terms.

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Defining objectives

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Alternative options and possible solutions are proposed, studied jointly, and prioritized by the people and development workers.

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Designing strategies

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Specific activities to be done are decided by stakeholders over a given period.

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Implementation

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The criteria and indicators for assessing the programs, efficiency, effectiveness, and possible impacts of the planned activities are chosen.

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Monitoring and evaluation

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Re-viewing and re-analyzing the plan at each stage, making adjustment as needed.

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Feedback

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It involves listening, observing, and guiding. It does not interrupt, dominate, and lecture. The tools of PRA are used with sensitivity in the study of the community’s situation.

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ABC ( Attitude and Behavioral Change )

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This is understanding rural life “through the eyes of the people.”

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Learning in and with the community

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People should be approached with an open mind, putting and personal biases and prejudices.

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Optimal ignorance

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This is having comfortable with what is approximately right rather than lying to be precise.

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Appropriate imprecision

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This is being self-critical, acknowledging mistakes and learning from them.

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Embracing error

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This is encouraging people to do the task. Facilitates only initiate and guide the process.

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Letting them to do it

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This involves observation of practices in the natural surroundings. This is to have a better understanding of the prevailing conditions under which the people live and operate. This is used to cross-check information during dialogues using PRA tools.

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Direct observation

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It involves the use of symbols, cards, seeds, drawings to facilitate communication.

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Visual sharing

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This considers the use of guide questions for causal and relaxed discussions.

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Semi-structured dialogue

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This seeks to interact with “less heard” section of the community (i.e., women’s group, youth, poor, landless, informal groups) and not just the influential individuals in the village.

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Focus group dialogue

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This considers the checking of reliability of information from at least three different sources using different methods.

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Triangulation/ cross-checking

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As a team, plan or possible processes, topics, and methods to be used during field work. Agree on roles and responsibilities of each team member.

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Planning and preparing before PRA

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This involves the constant review and analysis of findings prior to deciding how to continue. This establishes better understanding among team members and helps focus succeeding activities.

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Learning as you go

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This considers the conduct of follow-up visits and activities with villagers. These strengthen rapport between the community and the PRA team. Real life situations are better understood and revealed with subsequent visits.

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Follow through

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Development agencies conceptualize and prepare the programs for the people.

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Empathy mechanics

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The program planners “consult” with the leaders of the people including the development worker.

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Consultative mechanics

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Representative of the people elected by them, sit in local planning bodies together with the agencies program planners.

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Representative mechanics

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Experience and the achievements in rural development show that the mechanisms above are not sufficient to bring about participation.

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Any combination of the above

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This is the actual asking of questions/information from the people.

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Interviews

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These are prepared instruments used as guide in conducting interviews/surveys. (This could be done personally or through mails. It all depends upon the purpose or intentions of the survey).

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Questionaires

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Actual observation is used to validate or confirm responses given from the survey instruments or personal interviews.

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Observation

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Gathering of secondary data/information could be facilitated through group meetings.

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Meetings