Forest Extension L1 And L2

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a process of integrating indigenous and derived knowledge, attitudes, and skills to determine what is needed, how it can be done, what local cooperation and resources can be mobilized and what additional assistance is available and necessary to overcome particular obstacles.

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FORESTRY EXTENSION

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a means of passing down to farmers techniques which believed would be beneficial to them without considering sufficiently the particular social or environmental condition of the area.

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FORESTRY EXTENSION

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an efficient delivery system to "get things done" but as a catalyst to promote the establishment of an indigenous system for accomplishing widely accepted aims which in time, will also be able to define and secure the delivery of any external assistance required.

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FORESTRY EXTENSION

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PURPOSE OF FOREST EXTENSION

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-To help people to examine problems which are affecting their lives and to consider if they may be solved

-To facilitate discussion and definition of local peoples’ need

-Tend to produce change in a rural society.

-To serve the whole community and not simply a privileged of few.

-To identify areas in which people need specific assistance in knowledge, or the provision of such items as seeds, special tools, equipment, or funds to achieve their objectives.

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WHY Need for Properly Trained Staff?

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-Have patience to allow them to discuss matters at their own pace and to formulate ideas in their own words.

-attitude is perhaps the most important.

-Forestry extension staff should consider themselves both as full-time learners and guides.

-Willingness to conduct an effective discussion with potential clients

-A successful extension forester must be orientated to "think small" and to appreciate the value of projects.

-atomic habit

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Any person or forester tasked to carry out forestry extension program in order to promote forestry and forest development.

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EXTENSION WORKER

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Task of Extension Worker

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1. Help the farmers raise their standard of living by influencing them to use proven methods of farming and adopt improved farm practices.

2. Survey and study the various problems facing the village people.

3. Plan together with the people a program that would solve identified problems and needs.

4. Sell ideas that will bring about changes in attitudes, skills, and knowledge of individuals.

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ROLE OF EXTENSION WORKER

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Advisor

Teacher

Analyzer

Organizer

Informer

Conditioner

Accelerator

Arranger

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must be equipped with latest research results so that he could influence the farmers to adopt it.

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Advisor

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competent to teach the farmers with new knowledge and skills in order to apply new technology.

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TEACHER

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draw knowledge gained and help farmers analyze their present farm practices.

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ANALYZER

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knows how to organize and strengthen their association and bring political pressure to secure services needed.

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ORGANIZER

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communicates with the farmers technical information that will bring about better production.

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INFORMER

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the ability to awaken the farmer to new technologies and even to new markets.

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CONDITIONER

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should eventually increase the diffusion in bringing new technologies to the attention of farmers.

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ACCELERATOR

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may coordinate the delivery of packaged program and other inputs.

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ARRANGER

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CHARACTERISTICS of Extension Worker

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Ability to plan

2. Initiative

3. Resourceful

4. Integrity

5. Faith

6. Courage

7. Judgment

8. Perseverance

9. Tactful

10. Power of expression

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SIX I QUALITY OF EXTENSION WORKER

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Interest

Incentive

Insight

Initiative

Imagination

Ingenuity

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sincere interest towards working with the rural people.

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INTEREST

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the ability to see and understand the nature of things.

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INCENTIVE

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the ability to see and understand the nature of things.

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INSIGHT

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the ability to act and think without being told.

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INITIATIVE

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a mental process of creating new ideas and translate to true life.

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IMAGINATION

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the ability of devising ways and means of accomplishing difficult tasks.

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INGENUITY

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SCOPE OF EXTENSION

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Agricultural production

Marketing and processing of Farm products

Environmental protection and natural resource development

Farm and home management

Family living

6. Youth development

7. Leadership development

8. Community improvement & resource development

9. Public affairs

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Factors Limiting Forestry Extension

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Limited local knowledge.

Lack of material and financial resources and problems of education and health.

Limited length of time between effort and reward in forestry activities.

Fear with the security of land tenure. Bureaucratic procedures in dealing with permits to cut, transport or sell forest produce.

Imposing of taxes.

Poor communications and transport facilities.

Lack of a satisfactory rural infrastructure.

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a set of principles.

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THEORY

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a basic rule, law or concept. Scientific principles give rise to theories. Principle is a statement of policy to guide decision and action in a consistent manner. It is theory that has been tested repeatedly under different condition by many individuals and found to be agreed by all.

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PRINCIPLE

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Principles of Extension

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Principle of Cultural Difference

Principle of Cultural Change

Principle of Interests and Needs

Principle of Grassroots Approach

Principle of Cooperation

Principle of Participation

Principle of the Use of Extension Teaching Methods

Principle of Leadership

Principle of Voluntary Education

Principle of Satisfaction

Principle of Trained Specialists

Principle of Whole Family Approach

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Reasons for the lack of rural/community development.

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Lack of financial resources.

Lack of local organizing ability. Overpopulation of the area.

Lack of educational facilities.

Lack of financial resources. Lack of local organizing ability. Overpopulation of the area. Lack of educational facilities. Poor standards of health. Lack of physical skill and the ability to overcome local obstacles.

Lack of financial resources. Lack of local organizing ability. Overpopulation of the area. Lack of educational facilities. Poor standards of health. Lack of physical skill and the ability to overcome local obstacles.

Poor standards of health.

Lack of physical skill and the ability to overcome local obstacles.

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Three major areas of activity involves forestry extension

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1. The organization and sharing of knowledge and skills.

2. Public information programs on forestry matters.

3. Informal forestry education on practices to assist people to achieve objectives.

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The activities to promote forestry extension in a country should be based on a desire to promote both ____ and _____, while seeking to maintain ecological stability in the area.

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efficiency and fairness

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achieving the maximum value or productivity of the forest resources of an area without endangering the environment and economy.

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Efficiency

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sharing the benefits of resources created among the community who are responsible for their production.

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FAIRNESS

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Serve as an important channel for communication and sharing of knowledge and skills between the community and professional foresters.

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FORESTRY EXTENSION ORGANIZATION

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Serve as a two-way link between ______ and _____ (who are the sources and organizers of much new forestry technology), and the _____ (who by their active participation can contribute to the realism and effectiveness of research programs).

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forestry research stations and administrations

Community

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An extension worker must know and should be able to adjust to the culture of the people.

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PRINCIPLE OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCE

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Extension concerns change as the culture of people changes. Adopt the extension projects and approaches to the cultural changes of the people for effective extension work.

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Principle of Cultural Change

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The extension worker should give priority to the felt needs of the people but gradually let them appreciate the importance of solving their unfelt needs.

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Principle of Interests and Needs

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Start where people are and with what resources they have.

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Principle of Grassroots Approach

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The rural people and the extension worker should cooperate with each other for the development of the community.

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Principle of Cooperation

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Participation means to have or to take a share with others in an activity.

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Principle of Participation

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Teaching MethodsExtension requires different extension teaching methods to be effective. Each method has specific purposes, procedures, strength and weaknesses.

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Principle of the Use of Extension

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To reach great number of people in the community within a short period of time, local leaders must be trained and encouraged to help in extension work.

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Principle of Leadership

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This is a voluntary and free-willing participation on the part clientele.

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Principle of Voluntary Education

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Extension workers may have to obtain experts advice on some particular problems from trained specialist.

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Principle of Trained Specialists

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Words of praises, recognition and appreciation encourage voluntary participation and even voluntary leadership in the extension program.

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Principle of Satisfaction

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Extension should consider all the members of the family in introducing development projects.

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Principle of Whole Family Approach

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Steps in developing a forestry extension program.

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Identify the needs.

Provide sufficient accurate information.

Guide people tactfully.

Properly balance the commitment of people and the external assistance.

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more traditional. Also called “Blueprint approach”.

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Top Down Approach

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Beneficiaries influence the direction and execution of a development project. They are included in the whole process of project management.

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BOTTOM UP APPROACH

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The process of getting people involved in the decision-making process.

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PARTICIPATORY APPROACH

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Intended beneficiaries of development are afforded the opportunity to a) share what they have, b) express what they feel, and c) articulate what they want.

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PARTICIPATORY APPROACH

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is essential where the direct beneficiaries take part in the whole process of project management.

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PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT

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elicits the ability of the community to solve their own problems rather than outsider imposing solutions to their problems.

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PEOPLE ORIENTED APPROACH

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Methods of Forestry Extension

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INDIVIDUAL CONTACTS

GROUP CONTACTS

MASS CONTACTS

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INDIVIDUAL CONTACTS

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Farm and Home Visit

Technical.Assistance

Information Discussion

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interpersonal contact between the extension worker and his client in the farmer's home or farm.

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Farm and home visit -

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an informal interpersonal contact between the extension agent and the client outside the farm or home.

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Information discussion -

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- an information seeking client receives advise from a professionally competent extension agent.

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Technical assistance or consultation

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GROUP CONTACTS

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Method demonstration

Result Demonstration

Farmers Class

Field Trips

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presentation of different procedures in accomplishing a given activity.

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Method demonstration -

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a planned trip usually outside the community for farmers to see and witness a certain improved practice or successful project.

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Field trips -

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an organized out of school classes designed to offer alternative solutions to problems identified by farmers.

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FARMERS CLASS

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designed to show by example the practical application of an established practice based on the results of research.

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Result demonstration

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MASS CONTACTS

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Print

Broadcast

Audio-Visual

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- bulletins, brochures, leaflets, circulars, newsletters, newspapers or magazines.

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Print

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- movies, slide presentation, exhibits, posters, charts, graphs and other three-dimensional media like models, dioramas, etc.

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Audio-visual

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- radio or television programs.

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Broadcast

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For successful implementation, an extension program requires:

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Goals

Target groups

Message

Methods

Organization

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Importance of Extension Education

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Through extension education research results reaches to farmers and farmers problems to research stations.

Indigenous knowledge gets disseminated from one community to other communities.

It bridges the gap between farming community and the research station and farmer to farmer which helps in adoption of innovations and new ideas.

Devises educational programs to solve those problems through voluntary participation of the local people.

Recognizes and utilizes indigenous knowledge.

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A group of people, a form of social organization, living in a geographical area and have common interest for the purpose of making living.

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Community

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An integrated activity initiated and carried out by the local community as units of action with or without outside assistance for the betterment of standard of living.A process of change from traditional to progressive ways of living.

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Community Development

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It is a tool for community development and a means where the community development ends.

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EXTENSION EDUCATION

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Essential Elements of Community Development (CD)/Guiding principles of CD

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Expressed the needs of people;Integrated approach;

Change the attitudes;

Better participation of people;

Local leadership;

Participation of youth and women;Assistance for self-help projects for communities;

Full use of local organization;

andEconomic and local progress at local level necessitates parallel development on wider national scale.

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In community-based forest management programs, a community encompasses the following descriptions

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Group of people

Territory

Length of stay

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denotes a sense of shared (or common) rights, privileges, activities and responsibilities.

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Community

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Types of Communities

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RURAL COMMUNITIES

URBAN COMMUNITIES

SUBURBAN COMMUNITIES

RURBAN COMMUNITY

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The Basic Characteristics of Rural Communities

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Relatively small populationHomogenous

Dominant activity

Relationship

Group Unity

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Basic Characteristics of Urban Community

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Population density is high.Secondary type of relationship (impersonal and formal).

Diverse specialization.

Anonymity

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This community sometimes falls under urban or metropolitan. This is an outlaying area of the city.

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SUBURBAN COMMUNITY

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Describes smaller towns that are rural geographically but urban socially. It’s semi-rural, semi-urban thus, “rurban”. Rurban towns are populated by urban escapes seeking a small-town atmosphere. They are usually situated near the city, somewhere in that nebulous rural-urban fringe.

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RURBAN COMMUNITY

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Important principles of learning relevant to extension.

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PERCEIVED PURPOSE

APPROPRIATE PRACTICE

KNOWLEDGE OF RESULTS

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENTIATION

GRADUATED SEQUENCE

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A person who has a free choice will learn effectively only if he understands why he should acquire particular knowledge or skills.

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PERCEIVED PURPOSE

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To secure that the person trying to acquire the skill must be fully convinced that the skill is necessary to achieve his objectives and that the resulting benefits will justify the efforts involved.

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APPROPRIATE PRACTICE

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During initial practice or application of a new skill, a learner should be guided on whether he is applying it correctly or he may slip into a less efficient method for lack of confirmation that what he is doing is correct.

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KNOWLEDGE OF RESULTS

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An essential feature is to ensure that no one within the group feels insulted or shamed by initial difficulties in acquiring knowledge or skills.

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Individual differentiation

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People progress gradually from learning simple tasks or ideas to more complex situations. Success in learning simple things usually leads to an increased desire to tackle more difficult situations while failure to master a simple problem, often leads to a dislike for learning.

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Graduated sequence

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Characteristics of learning situations

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VERTICAL LEARNING

HORIZONTAL LEARNING

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Provide certain basic skills or techniques which a person can adapt to his own use and encourage him to seek out ways in which these skills can be applied in his daily activities. Acquiring new skills, usually with the assistance of a guide or instructor.

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Vertical learning

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A person develops new applications for existing knowledge which is the ultimate aim of learning. When an individual applies certain skills previously learned to a new situation.

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HORIZONTAL LEARNING

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A person may learn something by consciously setting out to follow a program to do so, with or without the help of an instructor or guide. He may also learn simply by observation and by "putting things together", changing or adapting actions which he has observed from one or more sources to achieve a particular objective.

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Conscious or casual learning

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The process by which information and improved practices are spread from their original sources to a few adopters and in time to other users. The process by which new forestry practices or skills are transferred from their point of origin (forestry research stations or administrations) to the community.

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Diffusion Process

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The result of an individual's decision or commitment to the process.

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Adoption Process

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STAGES IN ADOPTION PROCESS

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AWARENESS

INTEREST

EVALUATION

TRIAL

ADOPTION

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CATEGORIES OF ADOPTErs

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INNOVATORS

EARLY ADOPTERS

EARLY MAJORITY

LATE MAJORITY

LATE ADOPTERS

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Motivating Factors of Extension

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Psychological factors

Social Status

Economic Factors

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Psychological factors

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New experience;

Greater efficiency;

Security of earnings or output; Recognition within the community; Better life for children;

andMore leisure time.

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Social status

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Higher social status;

Greater prestige;

Sociability;

andHobbies.

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Economic factors

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Secure food supply;

Better houses;

Safe drinking water;

Health care;

Clothing and some consumer goods;

Education of children;

Higher levels of training;

and More earning power.

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helps people to express their needs in an acceptable form and to relate their needs to available resources of techniques and funds.

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Good communication

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attempts to bridge the gap between the sources of ideas and potential users of them. It attempts to make available information or skills in a form the public can understand, examine critically, and incorporate into their regular practice, if they can see any benefit in applying them.

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Communication

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Communication is composed of five elements:

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Sender

Message

Channel

Receiver

Feedback

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The purpose or objective should be clearly defined in their own minds. The message must be relevant to the receiver. It should be of interest and appear attractive to him. It must be related to something he understands, feels or thinks and something he can accept in relation to his culture and beliefs.

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MESSAGE

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is one which could simply, reliably and effectively communicate the message. The ____ should be able to relay the message accurately/exactly-no less or more.

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CHANNEL

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is someone who is a good listener, who could comprehend the message accurately and one who is free from any emotional or psychological baggage that could affect the accuracy of the message.

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GOOD RECEIVER/RECEIVER

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is the response to the message given by the reviewer.

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FEEDBACK

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The Ethics of Communication (basic rules to observe)

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Honesty;

Openness to other views;Commitment,

andConsensus building.

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Principles of Communication

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Relevance

Be Positive

Choose the Best Medium

Study your Audience

Be Enthusiastic

Maintain an Intense Focus

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can be neutral, or it can be biased, but it is generally intended to show evidence, facts, and details about something.

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Information

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uses information as part of an attempt to make claims or arguments designed to reinforce or change beliefs. It is what we employ when we want someone to undertake a specific action or behavior. It is an attempts to influence or convince others to take a specific action or to reach a certain conclusion about an issue.

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Persuasion

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The chief goals is to communicate information, using appropriate tools packaged for specifically targeted audiences and strategically framed messages, which is sometimes called a “message strategy”.

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INFORMATIONAL CAMPAIGN

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The goal is usually to communicate information, but with the added purpose of educating a targeted audience.

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Educational campaign

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Informational/Educational Campaign Elements

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Goal

Objectives

Strategies

Rationale

Tactics

Evaluation

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Ten Commandments of Good Communication

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1. Seek to clarify your ideas before communicating.

2. Examine the true purpose of each communication.

3. Consider the total physical and human setting whenever you communicate.

4. Consult with others, where appropriate, in planning communications.

5. Be mindful, while you communicate, of the overtones as well as the basic content of your message.

6. Take the opportunity, when it arises, to convey something of help or value to the receiver.

7. Follow up your communication. 8. Communicate for tomorrow as well as today.

9. Be sure your actions support your communications.

10. Seek not only to be understood by but to understand – be a good listener.

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Defined as a systematic, planned and liberating change process of transforming a community into an organize, conscious, empowered, self-reliant, just, and human entity and institution (DENR-UDO, 1991).

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COMMINITY ORGANIZING

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It is a long-term approach where the people affected by an issue are supported in identifying problems and taking action to achieve solutions. The organizer challenges those he or she works with to change the way things are – it is a means of achieving social change through collective action by changing the balance of power.

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COMMINITY ORGANIZING

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SIX STAGES OF Effectice CO

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Assess the community

Create an action

Develop an action plan

Mobilize action

Implement

Evaluate progress

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International Institute for Rural Reconstruction (IIRR) principles

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Go to the people.

Live among the people

Learn from the people.

Plan with the people

Work with the people

Start with what the people know: Build on what the people have. Teach by showing.

Not a showcase but a pattern.

Not odds and ends but a system, not piecemeal but integrated approach. Not to conform but to transform. Not relief but release

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The channels of communication may be classified as

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visual, spoken, and written.

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Characteristic if good sender

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Knows his audience -

Knows his message

Knows the most effective channels of communication

Knows his own abilities and limitations

Interest in his audience

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The process by which new forestry practices or skills are transferred from their point of origin (forestry research stations or administrations) to the community.

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DIFFUSION PROCESS

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A process of change from traditional to progressive ways of living.

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COMMUNITY DEVELoPMENT