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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Genetic testing?
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It is used to deterimine whether or not someone has specific genotype- what are his or her genes
Used for testing for genetic diseases, disorders and FBI for identity |
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How is DNA tested?
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Alec Jefferys (1975) developed fingerprinting (DNA profile) to compare DNA profiles to individuals
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3 Elements of DNA Profiling
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Used Varations of Genome to create DNA profile:
Variations in lenght of sequences are called: Minisatelites (repeated between 10-100 sequences) SRT(short tandem sequences) were between 2-9 base pairs SNP (single nucleotide polpmorhpims) were only one base pair |
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How are DNA Profiles Constructed?
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Using 2 methods:
Restriction Fragment Length Polmorhphism analysis (RFLP) or Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) |
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How are RFLP's work?
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Done using large amount of blood or tissue
1. DNA extracted 2. DNA cut into fragment w/ RE 3.Fragments loaded into wells w/ agorse gel 4.Electric current applied. DNA seperates 5.Patter fragments recognized |
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How does PCR work?
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Using small amount of mitochondrial DNA
*DNA replication= in vitro 1.DNA placed in solution 2.Heated, double strand separate 3.Temp down, Primers are mixed in (nucleotide sequence) 4.Primers pair w/ complementary region of DNA 5.DNA polymerase uses nucleotides to synthesize DNA molecule The more cycles used of PCR then increased # of copies of DNA |
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How are STR's used to make DNA Profile?
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Each STR is composed of 2-9 nucleotides Each Allele of a STR contains a # of repeated copies of specific nucleotides (AGA). An allele of STR (allele 1) might contain one more copy of (AGA) than allele 2. Analysis of of several STR can show how frequently combos are found in population
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Steps of STR analysis
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1.DNA samples analyzed to establish which STR alleles are present
2. Frequency estbalished= population frequency 3.population frequencies for each STR are multiplied to estimate probability |
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When did DNA profiling enter US Courts?
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-DNA profiling enter US court system in 1989
Approved in courts all over country, evidence may be challenged |
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How are DNA profiles used?
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Material from Crime Scene
Combinde DNA index system panel (CODIS) 30% of DNA profile results clear of innocent ppl |
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DNA Database Facts
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Since 1998, FBI enter DNA profile from felos
More than 1.7 million profiles |
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Other uses of DNA profiles
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Biohistorians- identifying bodies
Victims of disaster, war Paternity identity Trace our ancestry using haplotype markers in maternal mitochondrial DNA or Y chromosome |
