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184 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What method did the first humans use to obtain food?
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Hunter-Gathering
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Who was the first to suggest that microorganisms may have had a role in food spoilage?
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A. Kircher
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Who made the earliest microscope used to first observe microorganisms?
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
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What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek call the first microorganisms that he observed?
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animalules
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Who began commercial caning as a means of food preservation in 1809?
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Francois Nicolas Appert
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What is the processing method that began by using heat to destroy the undesirable microorganisms in wine and beer?
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pasteurization
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What are the most dangerous microorganisms to invade food systems?
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Bacteria
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What type of bacteria can cause severe human illness or even death?
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Pathogens
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What term means "one cell"?
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unicellular
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Spherical bacteria
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cocci
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rod-shaped cells
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bacilli
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curved bacteria
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vibrios
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corkscrew-shaped bacteria
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spirilla
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A transverse side-to-side division across the cell which forms two cell walls.
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Binary fission
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Molds grow by a network of filaments and reproduce by spreading _______, which are carried by air currents to suitable growth environments.
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spores
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In addition to being important spoilage organisms, certain molds produce very potent ______ in food.
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toxins
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T/F: Yeasts are known for their ability to spoil certain foods very rapids, but do not cause illness.
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True
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Budding
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An outgrowth of the mother cell gets larger.
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T/F: Viruses are the largest of the microbial contaminants.
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False. They are the smallest
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FAT-TOM
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Food, Acidity, Time, Temperature, Oxygen, Moisture
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___ microorganisms favor very high temperatures.
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Thermophilic
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____ microorganisms can survive particular heat treatments such as blanching, pasteurization, and canning, but do not grow at the high temperature.
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Thermoduric
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____ bacteria prefer temperatures ranging from 68 - 110 degrees F. Most pathogenic microorganisms are these.
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Mesophilic
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_____ bacteria are true cold-loving organisms that grow well at refrigeration temperatures, but very poorly at room temperatures. Very rare in nature outside the depths of the ocean or other cold climates and are extremely rare in food.
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Psychrophilic
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_____ bacteria flourish at refrigerated temperatures, but do not require low temperatures for growth and will increase more rapidly at room temperatures. They are found in or on nearly all foods and are responsible for most spoilage of refrigerated foods.
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Psychrotrophic
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___ microorganisms must have oxygen present in the air if they are to survive.
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Aerobic
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____ microorganisms do not use molecular oxygen in respiration. They cannot grow even if oxygen is present.
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Anaerobic
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_____ prefer oxygen environments, but they are capable of growth without it.
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Facultative anaerobes
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Molds are highly ______ and their need for abundant oxygen restricts their growth to the surface of foods.
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aerobic
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Yeasts are typical _____ that prefer oxygen but are capable of growth under reduced oxygen.
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facultative anaerobes
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Bacteria are which of the following: aerobic, anaerobic, facultative anaerobes
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all of the above
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Water is referred to as a ______ since it has localized charges.
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polar molecule
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____ and ____ are two substances that have been used throughout history to preserve food.
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Salt and sugar
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A term that describes the degree of availability of water in the food. The ratio of water vapor pressure of the food to the vapor pressure of pure water at the same temperature.
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Water Activity
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An analytical instrument used to determine the vapor pressure.
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Manometer
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Salt-loving bacteria
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halophilic
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The time required for the population of microorganisms to double
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Generation time
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Occurs when the microorganism is getting accustomed to the growth medium and developing the enzyme systems necessary to use the medium as a food source.
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Lag phase
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Exponential growth phase, where growth is rapid.
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Log phase
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When the growing population of microorganisms deplete a necessary nutrient, produce wastes (alcohol, acid) that inhibit growth, or use up all of the oxygen, the number of microorganisms remains constant; hence it has this name
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Stationary phase
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Depletion of nutrients or accumulation of wastes may result in a decline in numbers called the _____.
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Death phase
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Mechanisms in bacteria for surviving unfavorable environmental conditions
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endospores
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The period when the microorganism is actively multiplying is referred to as the ______
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vegetative stage
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If it encounters an adverse condition (too dry, too hot, insufficient food, etc.), spore-forming bacteria will ______ producing a covering over its genetic material
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sporulate
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Safe to drink
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potable
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One method of determining the number of microorganisms present in the food supply. A known quantity of food is placed on a petri dish and a growth medium is added and allowed to solidify. Each microorganism will replicate, and in time, form a visible colony.
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Plate count
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A number multiplied by the number counted on the petri dish if the sample must be diluted.
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Dilution factor
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Specific types of microorganisms whose presence provides information on how the product was treated or contaminated.
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Indicator microorganisms
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A microorganism that indicates the product was somehow contaminated by saliva.
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Streptococcus salivarius
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A group of microorganisms commonly found in the feces of animals and humans which indicate fecal contamination and the possible presence of human pathogenic microorganisms.
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Coliform bacteria
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Samples of products are viewed under a microscope for the presence of mold filaments.
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Mold fragment count
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To remove this is a form of preserving.
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Water
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A process designed to kill bacteria in food.
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Irradiation
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A phase in which there are no more nutrients available to the microorganism.
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Death
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A molecule that likes to form hydrogen bonds with other molecules.
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Polar molecule
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A term that describes bacteria that grow well at refrigerated temperatures.
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Psychrotrophic
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Bacteria that cause several illnesses and death.
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Pathogens
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A count that determines the quality of new products in such things as baby food.
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Mold fragment
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Produced by molds
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spores
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A term that describes a cold-loving microorganism
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psychrophilic
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A curve-shaped bacteria
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vibrios
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A state in which the microorganism is actively multiplying
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vegetative
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A term to describe a microorganism that likes very high temperatures
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thermophilic
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The method by which heating kills microorganisms present in wine, beer and most notably, milk.
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Pasteurization
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Coliform bacteria are found here.
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Feces
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A spoilage organism that does not cause foodbourne illness
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yeast
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The hydrogen or hydroxyl ion content or pH.
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Acidity
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Rod-shaped bacterial cells
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bacilli
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A microbial contaminant that requires a living cell to survive.
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Virus
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A term that describes microorganisms that prefer oxygen but can also grow without it.
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facultative anaerobes
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A type of organism that must have oxygen to survive
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Aerobic
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Streptococcus salivarius is found here
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saliva
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The phase in which the growth of the microorganism remains constant
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Stationary
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A chemical added to pop to inhibit the growth of yeast and mold
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potassium benzoate
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It is what allow bacterial mobility
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flagella
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a process in which yeast reproduce
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budding
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Microorganisms that require the absence of oxygen to survive
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anaerobic
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a phase in which there is exponential growth of the microorganism
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log
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Organisms that grow in a network of filaments
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molds
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corkscrew-shaped bacteria
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spirilla
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A chemical added to bread to slow the growth of yeast.
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Calcium propionate
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A phase of microbial growth in which there is slow growth.
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lag
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A method for determining the number of microorganisms in a food sample.
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Plate count
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An instrument used to determine vapor pressure.
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manometer
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Microorganisms are capable of producing which of the following: acids, alcohol, CO2, toxins
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all of the above
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Who demonstrated that air was not the cause of spoilage?
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Louis Pasteur
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Who developed the first microscope?
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
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Who is the father of canning?
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Nicholas Appert
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Who received the Nobel Prize in 1905 for demonstrating that a particular organism is responsible for a disease and that it can be transmitted from one animal to another?
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Robert Koch
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A pathogen does what?
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Makes you sick.
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An acid produced during spoilage of milk causes ___.
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Protein denaturation
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Which of the following are FAT-TOM factors that affect the growth of microorganisms? (Moisture, temperature, oxygen, time)
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All of the above
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Which of the following usually requires the highest pH (lowest acid level) for growth? (Bacteria, Mold, Virus, Yeast, None of the above)
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Bacteria
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Which of the following terms describes a heat-loving organism? (Mesophile, psychrophile, psychrotroph, thermophile)
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Thermophile
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The microorganism responsible for milk spoilage (while it is kept in the refrigerator is: (Mesophile, psychrophile, psychrotroph, thermophile)
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Psychotroph
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The term facultative anaerobic means an organism will grow under what time of conditions?
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In the presence or absence of oxygen.
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Bacterial ____ is responsible for the slimy "texture" of spoiled fish or chicken.
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capsule
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T/F: Viruses replicate in food and living cells.
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False
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Most spoilage bacteria require an Aw that is greater than ___?
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0.91
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A natural substance found in cranberries that inhibits the growth of yeasts and molds would be which of the following?
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Sodium benzoate
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Which of the following inhibitory substances is added to bread to control the growth of mold?
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Calcium propionate
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Under optimal conditions, which of the following grows fastest: Yeast, bacteria, mold, all grow at about the same rate
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Bacteria
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Which of the following is true of a bacterial endospore: are difficult to kill even with heat, are very resistant structures, is a survival mechanism of the organism
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all of the above
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At the stationary phase, organisms are doing what?
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Running out of food, space, etc.
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Propionate inhibits ___ while benzoate inhibits____.
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mold; yeast and mold
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Plate count was used to determine the microbial load in 1 ml of milk. 35 colonies were counted on the 1:1000 dilution plate. How many CFU (Colony Forming Units) per ml were in the original sample of milk?
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35,000
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A bacteria with an initial population of 3 colonies, has a generation time of 20 min. How many bacteria will there be after 2 hours under optimum conditions for growth?
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192
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The FDA has estimated that there are how many acute foodborne disease episodes annually
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24-80 million
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Foodborne illness
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caused by a chemical or biological agent that is carried in the food
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Parasites
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Organisms that live in or on a host such as an animal
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Salmonella
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This species of bacteria cause foodborne infection
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Claviceps purpurea produces this mycotoxin
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Ergotism
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A spore forming obligate anaerobe that produces a neurotoxin in food
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clostridiumbotulinum
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A term to describe a toxin that is released by a microorganism that inflames the intestinal lining
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Enterotoxin
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Toxinmediated
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An infection that occurs when food contains pathogens that infect the intestine such as E. coli
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Infection
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A foodborne condition that occurs when a person eats food that contains a living pathogen
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Aflatoxin
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A mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus flavis
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Foodborne
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An illness that is caused by a chemical or biological agent in food
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Patulin
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A carcinogen produced by mold on apples
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Mycotoxins
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another name for mold toxins
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Bacilluscereus
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An endospore-forming pathogen
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Viral
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An infection that replicates inside a living cell such as Hepatitis A and Rotavirus
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Intoxication
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A foodborne condition caused by eating a food that contains a poisonous toxin that was produced by a microorganism
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Staphylococcusaureus
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a non-spore forming, facultative anaerobe
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Patulin is a carcinogen produced by molds growing on corn.
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False
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In a restaurant food-prep area, mold is discovered on a 5 lb block of cheddar cheese. This should be carefully trimmed off before serving to customers.
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False
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St. Anthony's Fire, an epidemic during Middle Ages, was the result of consuming moldy rye.
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True
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This is a potent liver carcinogen
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Aflatoxin
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There is a hypothesis that the strange behavior of the residents of Salem Massachusetts was the result of consuming mold-infested rye. What is the compound produced by the mold that could account for bizarre behaviors?
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Lysergic acid
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A highly resistant structure produced by only certain bacteria.
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Endospore
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Clostridium botulinum is a sporeforming bacterium that will not germinate at a pH...
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<4.6
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An emetic, such as the toxin produced by Bacillus cereus, causes
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Vomiting
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____ causes a low body temperature and produces a heat-stable toxin.
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Staphylococcus aureus
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_____ is an anaerobic bacterium that is heat-labile/sensitive and difficult to diagnose.
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Clostridium botulinum
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Which of the following is a medical use for Clostridium botulinum toxin? (clenching of jaw muscle, kill cancer cells, wrinkle remover
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clenching of jaw muscle, wrinkle remover
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Honey is not safe for kids under 1 year of age, because Clostridium botulinum spores will be able to germinate, grow, and produce toxin in their intestinal track.
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True
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____ is a facultative anaerobe that produces two different types of toxins.
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Bacillus cereus
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A foodborne intoxication is caused by the ________________, while a foodborne infection is caused by the presence of ________________.
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toxin; bacteria
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Patulin is teratogen, which means it causes
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Birth defects
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What bacterium causes the most cases of serious foodborne illness?
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Salmonella
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What bacterium causes the most cases of foodborne illness?
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Campylobacter
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This organism is found inside the egg of a chicken.
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Salmonella enteriditis
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Listeria is associated with:
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Lunch meat, still births, unpasteurized milk
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What pathogen(s) is/are associated with poultry?
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Salmonella, campylobacter
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What antibody is associated with a true food allergy?
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IgE
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T/F: Anaphylaxis is a severe type of allergic reaction that involves two or more body systems (e.g., hives and difficulty breathing.)
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True
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The "Big 8" are responsible for 90% of IgE-mediated food allergies and include all of the following EXCEPT: (egg, corn, crustacea, tree nuts)
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Corn
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____ occurs when an individual lacks the enzymes necessary to utilize a specific food component. A classic example is lactose intolerance.
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Metabolic food disorder
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Which allergen does not cause the most food allergies in infants? (eggs, crustacean shellfish, soy, milk)
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Crustacean shellfish
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This food is responsible for most food allergy related fatalities.
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Peanuts
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This should be administered as soon as there is indication an individual is experiencing a severe allergic reaction.
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Epinephrine
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Which of the following microorganism(s) is/are psychrotrophs (able to grow at low/refrigerator temperatures)? (salmonella typhi, listeria monocytogenes, yersinia enterocolitica)
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Listeria monocytogenes and Yersinia enterocolitica
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A toxin-mediated infection is caused by:
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the toxin produced by the bacteria once it is growing inside you.
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Which of the following causes toxin-mediated infections? (Clostridium botulinum, E. coli, Shigella)
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E. coli and shigella
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E. coli causes which of the following unique symptoms? (bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, HUS)
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Bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, HUS
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____ causes more gastrointestinal disease than any other organism and has been associated with outbreaks on cruise ships.
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Norovirus
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This organism is frequently involved in outbreaks in daycare centers
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Shigella
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T/F: All E. coli strains are pathogenic, meaning that all E. coli strains are a human threat.
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False
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Which virus causes the most cases of foodborne disease?
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Norovirus
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Hepatitis A is the only hepatitis transmitted from food. It targets the:
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liver
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T/F: All of the viruses discussed in class are fecally transmitted.
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True
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Which of the following does NOT constitute a food as "potentially hazardous"?
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High in lipids
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Foods should be cooked at least to the minimum recommended temperatures. Those temperatures are:
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A) Poultry: 165 F; Ground Meats: 155 F; Other potentially hazardous foods: 145 F
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The #1 parasite associated with humans is ____.
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Giardia
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This parasite has been associated with imported raspberries.
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Cyclospora
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___ is associated with cats and can affect the unborn.
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Toxoplasma
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Pork is associated with ___.
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Trichinella
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Cause of major waterborne outbreak in Milwaukee
Tapeworm Reproduce by producing proglottids Associated with sushi Cats are a reservoir Single Cell organism |
Cryptosporidium
Taenia Taenia Anisakis Toxoplasma gondii Protozoa |
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This toxin is found in soybeans, oats, and wheat, and interferes with the digestion of protein.
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Trypsin inhibitor
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This toxin interferes with the function of the thyroid gland.
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Goitrogen
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This part of rhubarb should never be eaten, because it is poisonous
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Leaves
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___ is found in raw eggs and can cause a vitamin (biotin) deficiency.
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Avidin
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Remove the "eyes" on your potatoes before eating to avoid this toxic substance.
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Solanine
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A ___ is a non-replicating molecule that converts the shape of a healthy, chemically identical protein to a deadly form which causes BSE, CJD, and Kuru.
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Prion
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The form of BSE that is found in humans is known as:
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Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
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Kuru appeared just in the ___ of the New Guinea tribe, because they were only allowed to eat the non-muscle parts of their dead relatives.
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Women and children
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What is a toxic compound found in the puffer fish?
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Tetrodoxin
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What was one deadly way that milk distributors increased their profit in the past?
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Added unsanitary water
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This person developed the poison squad.
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Harvey Wiley
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Upton Sinclair was responsible for the development of ____.
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The book, The Jungle
The Meat Inspection Act The quote, "I aimed at Americans' hearts and hit their stomachs." |
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What 2 Acts were passed in 1906 to increase the safety of products being sold in the US for consumption?
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The Pure Food and Drug Act
The Meat Inspection Act |
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The ____ replaced the Pure Food and Drug Act.
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Food Drug and Cosmetic Act
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____ states that there is no margin of safety in foods for carcinogens.
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The Delaney clause
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Additives cannot be used in foods to:
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Cover up faulty ingredients
Replace good food manufacturing practices |
