Fluid, Electrolytes And Acid/base

Front 1

What is fluid, electrolyte & acid/base mainly about?

Back 1

Homeostasis & how we maintain it with fluids in body

Front 2

What is the total body water ?

Back 2

Volume is 40L

~60% of body weight (depending on size)

% of body water varies with age(babies = 75% and elderly = 45-50%)

Front 3

What is Intracellular fluid (ICF)?

Back 3

-most of the water is in ICF

- volume = 25L

~40%body weight

-in cytoplasm in cells

Front 4

What is Extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Back 4

~20% body weight

-in 2 places

1) blood plasma ( less then 10% ECF)

2) Interstitial fluid (IF) = 80% of ECF

Front 5

what do we have within fluids?

Back 5

different kinds of Ions (moleules that have charges) also know as Electrolytes

Front 6

what type of Electrolytes do we have?

Back 6

1-Cations= have positive charge

2-Anions= have negative charge

Front 7

what are the major electrolyes in Intracellular fluid(ICF)?

Back 7

Cations: K+ and Mg2+

Anions: H2PO4- (pH buffer) and proteins

Front 8

what are the major electrolytes in Extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Back 8

Cations: Na+ and Ca2+

Anions: Cl- and HCO3- (pHbuffer)

Front 9

In each fluid compartement what do the amount of positive & negative charges have to be?

Back 9

Approximatly equal to each other...so the charge in fluid as a whole is neutral

Front 10

After fluid is absorbed into blood plasma where does it get pushed out of and into?

Back 10

-Out of capillaries and into Interstitiel fluid by hydrostatic pressure

-moves between Interstitial fluid & Intracellular fluid by osmosis (water goes to the area of highest solute)

Front 11

How do fluid exit body?

Back 11

-from cells can move into Interstitial fluid by osmosis

-Interstitial fluid can move into blood at venue end of capillaries by osmosis

Front 12

What happens to blood once fluid moves into it during exiting body?

Back 12

Blood is filtered by kidneys & some fluid exits as urine (the way most water exits body)

Front 13

Water input and output should be what?

Back 13

Equal

Front 14

Water losses decrease blood plasma which decrease what?

Back 14

Blood volume and pressure

Front 15

What happens when someone gets dry mouth?

Back 15

Triggers water receptors to send APs to hypothalamus (thirst center) to increase input

Front 16

What does low blood pressure and high osmolarity in blood causes?

Back 16

Release of hormones ADH, aldosterone & renin to conserve water at kidneys

Front 17

Where does water input mostly come in through?

Back 17

Digestive system (drinking & some foods)

-60% beverages

-30% food

-some generated during metabolism (10%) such as...one of the cellular respiration is water

Front 18

Where is most water lost in water output?

Back 18

-Lost in urine (60%)

-some water come from Insensible losses via skin & lungs (28%)

-sweat (8%)

-feces (4%)

Front 19

During water input whats the first step of regulation?

Back 19

Get thirsty, decrease water and increases plasma osmolarity (related to concentration of salutes in blood) causes dry mouth & lowers blood pressure that causes release of renin

Front 20

During water input regulation whats the second step?

Back 20

High osmolarity, dry mouth & angiotensin 2 all stimulate thirst center in hypothalamus

Front 21

Once someone drinks fluid during water input regulation what happens?

Back 21

Fluids enter digestive system & theb blood which increases blood pressure & decreases plasma osmolarity bringing the body back to homeostasis

Front 22

Where do water output mostly come from?

Back 22

From kidneys

Front 23

During water output low blood pressure and volume causes what?

Back 23

Posterior pituitary to release ADH ( causes more water reabsorption)

Front 24

During water output regulation what does ADH causes at the end of DCT & collecting ducts?

Back 24

Have more aquaporins in membrane so kidneys reabsorb more water & less is lost in urine

Front 25

What 3 things that causes hypothalamus to make a person thirsty?

Back 25

1 low saliva

2 osmo receptors

3 low plasma

Front 26

What did Na+ (sodium) used to be known as?

Back 26

-Naturim

Front 27

Define Hypernatremia?

Back 27

-High Na+

-usually caused by low water, so all ions are too concentrated

Front 28

what happens if blood pressure is to low when regulating water output?

Back 28

ADH causes more water reabsorption at DCT & collecting duct

Front 29

what does Aldosterone do during regulating water output?

Back 29

causes more Na+ reabsorption at DCT & collecting duct, water also follows solutes

Front 30

what does Renin do during regulating water output?

Back 30

from kidneys turns into angiotensin 2 which makes you release more aldosterone & constrict blood vessels to raise blood pressure

Front 31

what happens if blood pressure is to high during regulating water output?

Back 31

would release ANP which inhibits ADH, aldosterone and renin

Front 32

what does high blood pressure during regulating water output cause?

Back 32

causes you not to reabsorb as much water and will secrete more in urine

Front 33

where does more water come in through?

Back 33

through Gastrointestinal tract through things we eat and drink

Front 34

when water first gets absorbed it goes into what?

Back 34

blood plasma

Front 35

After water goes into blood plasma where does it go?

Back 35

some is going to get pushed out at arteriol end of capillary by hydrostatic pressure and goes into Interstitial fluid

Front 36

After water gets into the Interstitial fluid where does it go?

Back 36

water goes back & forth between Interstitial fluid and cells

Front 37

If someone got dehydrated where does water go?

Back 37

Out of cell into Interstitial fluid then blood plasma then gets lost through kidneys

Front 38

what are Nitrogenous wastes?

Back 38

get made in cell through cellular respiration then go out in Interstitial fluid & out to kidneys & get to rid of in urine

Front 39

what happens when someone drinks so much water so fast?

Back 39

cells swell to the point were cells are none functional, also dilutes Na+ concentration

Front 40

what is Hyponatremia ?

Back 40

-low Na+

Front 41

what is Na+ mostly regulated with?

Back 41

-Aldoterone

Front 42

what is usually the most important ion to check in clinical settings?

Back 42

Potassium (K+)

Front 43

what is Hyperkalemia and what is it caused by?

Back 43

High K+

caused by...kidney disease (not enough K+ secreted)

Front 44

what does high K+ in interstitial fluid do?

Back 44

makes it hard for neurons & muscles to repolarize, so they stay contracted longer, b.c there more k+ on outside of neuron then inside (critical for heart, b.c if heart contracts & doesnt relax it cant fill with blood )

Front 45

what is Hypokalemia and what causes it?

Back 45

-Low K+

-caused by too much water, sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, alkalosis, starvation or sometimes insuline treatment for diabetes

Front 46

what happesn with low K+ in Interstitial fluid?

Back 46

causes extra K+ to exit neurons during repolarization, causing neurion's membrane potential to get too low so its less responsive to stimuli (leads to symptoms like, Fatigue, muscle cramps, tingling/ numbness)

Front 47

Aldosterone regulates what?

Back 47

-Sodium

-Potassium

Front 48

what happens when blood pressure and volume are low during regulation of sodium & potassium?

Back 48

body will release aldosterone & make you reabsorb more Na+ & secreate more K+ into urine

-high aldosterone means more Na+ and less K+

-low aldosterone means less Na+ and more K+

Front 49

what happens to strong acids in water?

Back 49

comes apart into H+ and conjugate base

ex=HCl---H+ +Cl- (cl would be the conjugate)

Front 50

what the formula for acid and base ?

Back 50

Positive thing attaches to negative thing

-positive will be at the beginning of name

-negative will be at the end

Front 51

Give and example of a weak acid?

Back 51

H2CO3 (errow going both ways) H+ + HCO3-

-this means some of the reactiong broke apart (H+) and some stayed together (weak= HCO3-)

Front 52

If acid releases H+ what does base do?

Back 52

accepts H+

Front 53

what do many bases (not all) have at the end?

Back 53

OH

ex=NaOH

Front 54

Examples of a strong and weak base?

Back 54

strong= NaOH---Na+ + OH-

weak= Na2H2Po4 (errows both ways) 2Na+ + H2Po4(2)-

Front 55

when strong acids and bases completely dissociate in water which direction do they go?

Back 55

reaction goes one direction

Front 56

when acids and bases are weak which direction do they go?

Back 56

reaction goes both directions

Front 57

what can release or accept H+ to help stabilize pH?

Back 57

Buffers= Proteins are major bufferes in plasma & inside cells

EX=Hemoglobin is a protein buffer inside erythrocytes

Front 58

what is a main extracellular buffer?

Back 58

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)=bufferes plasma

Front 59

what is the main Intracellular buffer?

Back 59

Hydrogenphosphate (H2PO4-) bufferes Intracellular fluid

Front 60

what is the major buffere in blood but can be reabsorbed by kidney tubules?

Back 60

Bicarbonate, so we have to secrete 1 bicarbonate

Front 61

what is normal blood pH?

Back 61

7.35 to 7.45

Front 62

Describe the Respratory system in blood pH?

Back 62

-slow breathing means high CO2 making blood more acidic (COPD causes this)

-fast breathing means low CO2 making blood more basic (alkaline) (anxiety, panic attacks)

Front 63

Describe Kidneys in blood pH?

Back 63

-reabsorbing bicarbonate or making more & secreting H+ ( more basic blood)= bicarbonate is a weak base

-if bicarbonate is low blood is more acidic =metabolic acidosis ( caused by: diarrhea, to much alcohol, uncontrolled diabetes)

-if bicarbonate is high its more basic= metabolic alkalosis (caused by: constpation, vomiting)

Front 64

If respiratory system is causing you to be acidic what will happen?

Back 64

kidneys will compansate by hanging on to extra bicarbonate to make it more basic again

Front 65

If kidneys are causing you to be in metabolic alkalosis what happens?

Back 65

respiratory system will cause you to breath slower to keep CO2 & make more acidic

Front 66

What is it called when the pH is below 7.35?

Back 66

acidosis= severe acidosis can depress nervous system eventually leading to coma and death

Front 67

what is it called when pH is above 7.45?

Back 67

Alkalosis= severe alkalosis can overexcite nervous system leading to muscle tetanus which can prevent breathing & make heart unable to fill with blood

Front 68

A patient has metabolic acidosis, and their respiratory system is compensating. What do you expect this patient's breathing to be like?

Back 68

Fast

Front 69

Which processes reduce water (cause water loss) from the body

Back 69

-urination

-sweating

-breathing

Front 70

High plasma osmolality would lead to what?

Back 70

activation of osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus

Front 71

If you had hyperkalemia, what is one thing your body could do to solve this problem?

Back 71

release more aldosterone

Front 72

In the reaction H3PO4 + NaOH --> NaHPO42- + H2O, the reactants are a weak acid and a strong base. What kind of molecule is NaHPO42- ?

Back 72

Weak base

Front 73

Which body compartment contains the smallest volume of fluid

Back 73

Plasma

Front 74

patient A

-pH= 7.32

-Pco2= 31

- HCO3-=19

Back 74

pH=metabolic acidosis

Pco2= Basic

HCO3-= acidic

The bicarbonate matchaes the pH making them acidic meaning they are metabolic acidosis and respiratory is compensating

Front 75

Patient B

pH=7.49

Pco2=32

HCO3=24

Back 75

pH=respiratory alkalosis

Pco2= basic

HCO3=normal

no compensation

Front 76

Patient c

pH=7.47

Pco2=49

HCO3-=28

Back 76

pH=metabolic alkalosis

Pco2=acidosis

HCO3-=basic

respiratory is compensating

Front 77

What causes a person not to be thirsty anymore?

Back 77

When concentration of plasma Osmolarity is decreased

Front 78

During water regulation input what causes hypothalamus to make a person thirsty?

Back 78

When renin turns into angiotensin 2

Front 79

What is Hyponatremia caused by?

Back 79

-to much H2O (dilutes Na+ concentration)

-excess sweating

-vomiting

-diarrhea

-acidosis

Front 80

What is the biggest contributer to osmotic pressure?

Back 80

Sodium (Na+)

Front 81

What is sodium involved in?

Back 81

Action potentials in neurons & muscle cells

Front 82

what would cause a perosn to most likely have alkalosis?

Back 82

-Hyperventilationg

Front 83

Bad constipation can cause the body to blank which would make the blood more blak?

Back 83

-Retain to much bicarbonte

-Basic

Front 84

which anion that has higher concentraion in exterellular fluid

Back 84

Cl-

Front 85

Releasing this hormone would lead to reabsorption of K+ and secretion of Na+

Back 85

ANP

Front 86

This would be a type of insensible water loss?

Back 86

-water loss thorugh breathing

Front 87

which condition requires most immediate medical attention?

Back 87

Hyperkalemia

Front 88

what do you get when you mix a strong acid and a strong base?

Back 88

-salt

-water