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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Potassium Normal Range
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3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Think of CV |
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Hypokalemia
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Causes
*Medications (diuretics, steroids, digoxin) Symptoms *Weak pulse, lethargy *Confusion, nausea |
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Hyperkalemia
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Causes
*Salt substitutes *Addison's Disease *Renal Failure *?+ sparing diuretics Symptoms *Muscle weakness and twitching, cramps - first thing patient notices *Bradychardia *Diarrhea |
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Treatment of K+ Imbalances
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Assess vital signs
Diet (foods high in ?+ melons, bananas, dried fruit, and baked potatoes with skin) - for hypo ?+ supplement (IV or PO) Review medications Intake and Output *30 ml/hr avg output |
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Sodium Normal Range
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135 - 145 mEq/L
Think of neuro |
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Hyponatremia
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Causes
*Diuretics, wound drainage (particularly GI wounds), renal disease, hyperglycemia, CHF Symptoms *Rapid pulse, generalized muscle weakness, lethargy, decreased sensorium |
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Hypernatremia
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Causes
*Renal Failure, corticosteriods, Cushings disease *Diet, fever Symptoms *Cardiac function *Agitation and confusion |
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Treatment of Na+ Imbalances
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Assess vital signs
Replace/Restrict Intake and Output Monitor CBC *BMP *Hematocrit *Hemoglobin |
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Chloride Normal Range
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95 - 108 mEq/L
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Hypochloremia
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Causes
*Vomitting, NG suction, sodium deficits, losses through renal system, water intoxication Symptoms *Non-specific to chloride; accompany sodium |
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Hyperchloremia
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Causes
*Increased salt intake Symptoms *Non-specific to chloride; accompany sodium |
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Treatment of Chloride Imbalance: Hypochloremia
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Replace sodium and chloride
Monitor for signs of acidosis |
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Treatment of Chloride Imbalance: Hyperchloremia
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Monitor electrolytes
Monitor intake and output Decrease intake of salt |
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Calcium Normal Range
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8.6-10.2 mg/dL
Trousseau- stimulates facial nerve. stimulate nerve in front of ear *causes eye to squint and mouth to pull back Chvostek - pump up BP cuff and put pressure on nerve, finger will draw up Think of kidneys and neuro |
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Hypocalcemia
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Causes
*Lactose intolerance, celiac disease, Crohn's disease, end-stage renal disease, immobility, acute pancreatitis, thyroidectomy Symptoms *Tachycardia, anxiety, psychosis, Trousseau and Chvostek (Positive) |
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Hypercalcemia
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Causes
*Excessive intake of calcium and vit D., thiazide diurectics, hyperparathyroidism Symptoms *Decreased clotting, tachycardia, hypertension, disorientation, muscle weakness, renal calculi (kidney stones) |
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Treatment of Calcium Imbalance: Hypocalcemia
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Assess vital signs
Supplement calcium intake Replace Vit D Check EKG Seizure precautions Laryngeal spasms |
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Treatment of Calcium Imbalance: Hypercalcemia
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Assess vital signs
Decrease intake Maintain hydration Monitor for renal calculi *I & O *Assess for pain *Strain Urine *Hydration- key to prevent |
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Phosphate Normal Range
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2.4 - 4.4 mg/dl
Think about neuro |
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Hypophosphatemia
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Causes
*Malnutrition *Excessive antacids *Hyperglycemia Symptoms *Cardiomyopathy *Shallow respirations *Decreased deep tendon reflexes *Irritability |
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Hyperphosphatemia
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Causes
*Decreased renal function *Increased intake of phosphorus *Hypoparathyroidism Symptoms *Muscle spasms * + Chvostek's and Trousseau's |
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Treatment of Phosphate Imbalance: Hypophosphatemia
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Assess vital signs
Eat a diet high in phosphorus, administer phospho soda, be alert for muscle weakness, perform neurologic assessment, monitor EKG, check calcium level |
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Treatment of Phosphate Imbalance: Hyperphosphatemia
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Administer phosphate-binding medications: aluminum hydroxide
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Magnesium Normal Range
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1.3 - 2.1 mEq/L
Think about heart and its response to levels |
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Treatment of Magnesium Imbalance: Hypomagnesemia
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PO, IV, IM electrolytes
Monitor renal function Foley Cath for hourly intake and output Tell the patient to expect: flushing, sweating and headache |
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Treatment of Magnesium Imbalance: Hypermagnesemia
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Calcium gluconate, ventilator support, dialysis
Monitor hourly: *Vital signs *Intake and output *LOC *DTR's- Deep tendon Reflexes *DO NOT DELEGATE!! |
