Fluid And Electrolyte Part 1

Front 1

(ECF) Extracellular Fluid
(17% of the total body weight)
(1/3 the total body water)

Back 1

the fluid outside the cell, which is divided into three smaller groups: Interstitial Fluid, intravascular Fluid, and Transcellular Fluid.

Front 2

(ICF) Intracellular fluid
(42% of total body weight)
(28L in male/ 20L in female)

Back 2

compromises all fluid within the cells of the body

Front 3

Cations

Back 3

(+) charged electrolytes:

Sodium-Na+
Potassium-K+
Calcium-Ca2+

Front 4

Anions

Back 4

(-) charged electrolytes

Chloride-Cl
Bicarb- HCO3
Sulfate- SO4

Front 5

mEq/L

Back 5

represents the # of grams of the specific electrolyte (solute) dissolved in a liter of plasma (solvent)

Front 6

Osmosis

Back 6

involves the movement of pure solvent, such as water, across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lesser solute concentration to an area of greater solute concentration.
(the concentration of a solution is measured in OSMOLS)

Front 7

Osmotic Pressure

Back 7

is the drawing power of water and depends on the number of molecules in solution.
(a solution with a high solute concentration has a high osmotic pressure and draws water toward itself.

Front 8

Osmolality

Back 8

the measure used to evaluate serum and urine in clinical practice and reflects the total solute concentration in a fluid compartment.
(expressed in osmols, or milliosmols per kilogram of the solution)
NORMAL SERUM OSMOLALITY
275-295 mOsm/kg

Front 9

Osmolarity

Back 9

is another term that describes the concentration of solutions, reflects the number of molecules in a liter of solution, and is measured in milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L)

Front 10

Isotonic Solution

Back 10

a solution with the same osmolarity as blood plasma.
(indicating that the solutions on both sides of the semipermeable membrane are equal in concentration.)
Isotonic solutions: normale saline, 0.9% sodium chloride...expand the body's fluid volume w/o causing a fluid shift from one compartment to another

Front 11

Hypertonic Solution

Back 11

a solution of higher osmotic pressure when compared to blood plasma
(3% sodium chloride)
pulls fluid from cells, causing them to shrink. THROUGH OSMOSIS
(can cause intestinal cramping and diarrhea)

Front 12

Hypotonic Solution

Back 12

a solution of lower osmotic pressure when compared to blood plasma
(0.45% sodium chloride)
moves fluid into the cells causing them to enlarge THROUGH OSMOSIS

Front 13

Diffusion

Back 13

is the random movement of a solute (gas or solid) in a solution across a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Front 14

Concentration gradient

Back 14

difference b/t two concentrations

Front 15

Filtration

Back 15

is the process by which water and diffusible substances move together across a membrane, in response to fluid pressure, moving from an area of higher pressure to one of lower pressure.

Front 16

Active Transport

Back 16

requires metabolic activity and expenditure of energy to move substances across cell membranes. Allows cells to admit larger molecules than they would otherwise be able to admit or to move molecules from areas of lesser concentration to areas of greater concentration.

Hint 16

THIS ALLOWS CELLS TO ADMIT LARGER MOLECULES THAN THEY WOULD OTHERWISE BE ABLE TO ADMIT OR TO MOVE MOLECULES FROM AREAS OF LOWER CONCENTRATION TO HIGHER CONCENTRATION AGAINST THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT.

Front 17

List the three ways body fluids are regulated

Back 17

Fluid Intake, hormonal controls, and fluid output regulate body fluids

Front 18

Fluid Intake

Back 18

the thirst mechanism primarily regulates fluid intake. (located in the hypothalamus in the brain)
Thirst is the conscious desire for water and is one of the major factors that determines fluid intake.

Front 19

Hormonal Regulation

Back 19

Hormones such as antidiuretic hormone, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism, and atrial natriuretic peptide (NAP) REGULATE FLUID INTAKE THROUGH VARIOUS MECHANISMS.

Front 20

Fluid Output Regulation

Back 20

fluid output occurs through four organs of water loss:
the kidneys
the skin
lungs
GI tract
(THE KIDNEYS ARE THE MAJOR REGULATORY ORGANS OF FLUID BALANCE) they receive approx 180L of plasma to filter each day and produce 1200 to 100mL of urine, or amin of 0.5 mL/kg/hr

Front 21

Osmoreceptors

Back 21

continually monitor the serum osmotic pressure, and when osmolality increases, the hypothalamus is stimulated.

Front 22

Hypovolemia

Back 22

is when excess fluid is lost and the hypothalamus is stimulated.
(excessive vomiting, and hemorrhage)
CAUSES BP TO RISE, B/C THE HEART IS HAVING TO WORK HARDER TO PUMP THE BLOOD THROUGH THE BODY

Front 23

Dehydration

Back 23

Infants, clients with neurological or psychological problems, and some older adults who are unable to perceive or respond to the thirst mechanism are at risk.

Front 24

(ADH)
Antidiuretic Hormone

Back 24

is stored in the posterior pituitary gland and is released in response to changes in blood osmolarity.
(Pain, stress, circulating blood volume, and some drugs affect ADH production and release in the body)
ADH prevents diuresis, thus causing the body to save water.

Front 25

Renin

Back 25

a proteolytic enzyme secreted by the kidneys, responds to decreased renal perfusion secondary to a decrease in extracellular volume.
Renin acts to produce Angiotensin I which causes some vasoconstriction

Front 26

Angiotensin I
and
Angiotensin II

Back 26

almost immediately becomes reduced by enzyme that converts I into Angiotension II. Which causes massive selective vasoconstriction of many blood vessels and relocates and increases the blood flow to the kidney, improving renal perfusion.
Angiotensin II also stimulates the release of aldeosterone when the sodium concentration is low.

Front 27

Aldosterone

Back 27

released by the adrenal cortex in response to increased plasma potassium levels or as a part of the renin-angiotensin-adolsterone mechanism to counteract hypovolemia.
ACTS ON THE DISTAL PORTION OF THE RENAL TUBULE TO INCREASE THE REABSORPTION (SAVNG) OF SODIUM AND THE SECREATION AND EXCRETION OF POTASSIUM AND HYDROGEN.

Front 28

(ANP)
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

Back 28

plays a critical role in the balance of fluid and electrolytes and the maintenance of vascular tone.

Front 29

Insensible water loss

Back 29

is continuous and occurs through the skin and lungs.
A person does not perceive the loss, but it can significantly increase with fever or burns

Front 30

Sensible water loss

Back 30

occurs through excessive perspiration and can be perceived by the client or through inspection.
the amount of sensible perspiration is directly related to the stimulation of the sweat glands.
THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ACTIVATES SWEAT GLANDS TO REGULATE WATER LOSS FROM THE SKIN.

Front 31

How much water is lost through the skin (sensible and insensible)

Back 31

An average of 500-600 mL is lost via the skin each day.

Front 32

How much water is lost through the lungs (insensible only)

Back 32

the lungs expire 500 mL of water daily.
The insensible water loss increases in response to changes in respiratory rate and depth.
DEVICES FOR ADMINISTERING OXYGEN INCREASE INSENSIBLE WATER LOSS FROM THE LUNGS

Front 33

GI tract Role in fluid regulation

Back 33

approx 3 to 6 L of isotonic fluid moves into the GIT and returns again to the ECF.
Under Normal Conditions:
the average adult loses only 200 mL of the 3 to 6 mL through feces.
(in presence of disease the Gi tract b/c a site of large fluid losses)