Fluid, Electrolyte, And Acid Base Balance

Front 1

What maintains health and function of all body systems?

Back 1

fluid electrolyte and acid base balances

Front 2

What systems regulate input and output of electrolytes and fluid balance?

Back 2

Renal and Pulmonary systems

Front 3

How do acid base imbalances alter the body systems?

Back 3

Imbalances alter respiration, metabolism, and cardiovascular, renal, and central nervous system function.

Front 4

What is water balance?

Back 4

Water balance is the intake and water output

Front 5

What percentage of the adult's body weight is fluid?

Back 5

60%

Front 6

How is fluid imbalance evaluated?

Back 6

It is based on the amount of sodium lost or gained in relationship to water

Front 7

Who has a lower proportion of water in their body?

Back 7

women, obese, and older adults

Front 8

What are the fluids called that are found within the cells of the body?

Back 8

Intracellular fluids

Front 9

What are the fluids called that are found outside of a cell?

Back 9

Extracellular fluids

Front 10

How many liters of intracellular fluid does an average male have? How many liters for an average female?

Back 10

28 liters for a male
20 liters for a female

Front 11

What other 3 types of fluids are contained within extracellular fluids?

Back 11

interstitial fluid, intravascular fluid, and transcellular fluid

Front 12

If our body water compostition were divided into 3rds, how much would be intracellular fluids and how much would be extracellular fluids?

Back 12

Our body is made up of 2/3 intracellular fluids and 1/3 extracellular fluids.

Front 13

What is interstitial fluid?

Back 13

contains lymph, it is the fluid between the cells and outside the blood vessels

Front 14

What is intravascular fluid?

Back 14

Blood plasma found in the vascular system

Front 15

What is transcellular fluid?

Back 15

Fluid separated from other fluids by a cellular barrier and consists of cerebrospinal, pleural, GI, intraocular, peritoneal, and synovial fluids

Front 16

What is an electrolyte?

Back 16

Mineral or salt, an element or compound that when dissolved or dissociated in water or another solvent separtates into ions that are electrically charged

Front 17

Cations are?

Back 17

positively charged ions
Na+, K+, Ca+

Front 18

Anions are?

Back 18

negatively charged ions
Cl-, HCO bicarbonate, SO- sulfate

Front 19

What is mEq/L

Back 19

the number of grams of the specific electrolyte dissolved in a liter of plasma

Front 20

What is osmosis?

Back 20

movement of a pure solvent, such as water, across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lesser solute concentration to an area of greater solute concentration

Front 21

What other 3 types of fluids are contained within extracellular fluids?

Back 21

interstitial fluid, intravascular fluid, and transcellular fluid

Front 22

If our body water compostition were divided into 3rds, how much would be intracellular fluids and how much would be extracellular fluids?

Back 22

Our body is made up of 2/3 intracellular fluids and 1/3 extracellular fluids.

Front 23

What is interstitial fluid?

Back 23

contains lymph, it is the fluid between the cells and outside the blood vessels

Front 24

What is intravascular fluid?

Back 24

Blood plasma found in the vascular system

Front 25

What is transcellular fluid?

Back 25

Fluid separated from other fluids by a cellular barrier and consists of cerebrospinal, pleural, GI, intraocular, peritoneal, and synovial fluids

Front 26

What is an electrolyte?

Back 26

Mineral or salt, an element or compound that when dissolved or dissociated in water or another solvent separtates into ions that are electrically charged

Front 27

Cations are?

Back 27

positively charged ions
Na+, K+, Ca+

Front 28

Anions are?

Back 28

negatively charged ions
Cl-, HCO bicarbonate, SO- sulfate

Front 29

What is mEq/L

Back 29

the number of grams of the specific electrolyte dissolved in a liter of plasma

Front 30

What is osmosis?

Back 30

movement of a pure solvent, such as water, across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lesser solute concentration to an area of greater solute concentration

Front 31

What is the measure of serum osmolality for?

Back 31

This measure evaluates the serum and urine and reflects the number of molecules in a liter of solution

Front 32

What does the term isotonic describe?

Back 32

A solution with the same osmolarity as blood plasma.
Solutions on both sides of the semipermeable membrane are equal in concentration.

Front 33

What does the term hypertonic describe?

Back 33

A solution of higher osmoic pressure, pulls fluid from the cells and causes them to shrink.

Front 34

What does the term hypotonic describe?

Back 34

A solution of lower osmotic pressure, solution moves into the cells causing them to swell

Front 35

What is diffusion?

Back 35

random movement of solute from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Front 36

What is filtration?

Back 36

The process by which water and diffusible substances move together across a membrane, in response to fluid pressure, Higher to lower concentrations

Front 37

What is active transport?

Back 37

Requires metabolic activity and expenditure of energy to move substances across cell membranes. ie, Na+/K+ ATPase pump

Front 38

When does our body use active transport?

Back 38

Cells absorb glucose and other substances to carry out metabolism

Front 39

What is the mechanism in our body that responds to disturbances in fluids and electrolytes to prevent and repair damage?

Back 39

Homeostasis

Front 40

Where is our thirrst control center located and why do we need it?

Back 40

It is in the hypothalmus, and our body uses it for when we are in need of fluid intake

Front 41

What is diffusion?

Back 41

rnadom movement of a solute in a solution across a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Front 42

What is filtration?

Back 42

The process by which water and diffusible substances move together across a membrane in response to fluid pressure moving from higher to lower concentration.

Front 43

Describe active transport

Back 43

Active transport requires metabolic activity and expenditure of energy to move substances across cell membranes. ie, Na+/K+ ATPase pump

Front 44

What is our body response that responds to disturbances in fluids and electrolytes to prevent and repair damage?

Back 44

Homeostasis

Front 45

Where is our thirst control center located?

Back 45

In the hypothalmus of the brain

Front 46

What is hypovolemia?

Back 46

A decrease in blood volume within the circulation
**This is when the osmoreceptors would signal the hypothalmus to be stimulated**

Front 47

What is the average adult's fluid intake?

Back 47

2200-2800 mL/day

Front 48

How many mL should account for fluids within solid foods?

Back 48

1100-1400 mL

Front 49

Where is ADH stored in the body?

Back 49

The antidiuretic hormone is stored in the posterior pituitary gland

Front 50

The ADH works directly with what to make them more permeable to water?

Back 50

ADH works directly with renal tubules and collecting ducts

Front 51

When is Renin secreted and what does it do?

Back 51

Renin is an enzyme that is secreted in response to a decrease in blood flow to the kidneys, it produces Angiostensin I, which causes some vasoconstriction.

Front 52

What is Angiostensin II, and what does it do?

Back 52

Angiostensin II is the product of conversion of Angiostensin I. It creates selective vasoconstriction of certain blood vessels to get increased blood flow to the kidneys.
Angiostensin II then stimulates the release of aldosterone.

Front 53

What is Aldosterone, what does it do?

Back 53

Aldosterone is secreted in response to counteract hypovolemia. It is a volume regulator. It reacts on the distal renal tubules to increase reabsoption of Na+ and excretion of K+ and H

Front 54

What is ANP?

Back 54

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide-acts as a diuretic that causes sodium loss and inhibits the thirst mechanism.

Front 55

What organs are the major fluid regulators?

Back 55

Kidneys

Front 56

How much urine is produced each day?

Back 56

1200-1500 mL, however this is based on intake

Front 57

What is insensible water loss?

Back 57

It is not perceived, happens continuously through skin and lungs, increases with fever and burns

Front 58

What is sensible water loss?

Back 58

It is perceived, can be seen upon inspection, excess perspiration related to stimulation of sweat glands

Front 59

How much water loss is due to insensible or sensible water loss?

Back 59

500-600 mL/day

Front 60

What is the normal extracellular Na+ concentration?

Back 60

135-145 mEq/L

Front 61

Why is potassium necessary?

Back 61

Potassium regulates metabolic activities, necessary for glycogen deposits in liver, skeletal muscle, transmission and conduction of nerve impulses, normal cardiac condunction, and muscle contration.

Front 62

What is the normal range of serum potassium concentrations?

Back 62

3.5-5 mEq/L

Front 63

Why is calcium necessary for body function?

Back 63

Bone and teeth formation, blood clotting, hormone secretion, cell membrane integrity, cardiac conduction, transmission of nerve impulses, and muscle contraction

Front 64

What are the normal serum ionized calcium levels in the body?

Back 64

4.5-5.5 mg/dL

Front 65

Why is magnesium necessary for body function?

Back 65

Magnesium is essential for enzyme activities, neurochemical activities, and cardiac and skeletal muscle excitability

Front 66

What are the normal plasma magnesium concentrations?

Back 66

1.5-2.5 mEq/L

Front 67

What are the 3 major anions of body fluids?

Back 67

chloride Cl-, bicarbonate HCO-, phosphate PO3-

Front 68

How is chloride transported in the body?

Back 68

Chloride follows sodium

Front 69

What are the normal concentrations of chloride?

Back 69

95-105 mEq/L

Front 70

What does bicarbonate do within the body?

Back 70

It is the major chemical base buffer within the body

Front 71

What are normal arterial bicarbonate levels?

Back 71

22-26 mEq/L

Front 72

What are normal venous bicarbonate levels?

Back 72

24-30 mEq/L

Front 73

What is the importance of phosphate in our body?

Back 73

Phosphate is a buffer anion, phosphate and calcium help to develop bones and teeth, they are inversly proportional, phosphate promotes normal neuromuscular action, and participates in carb. metabolism.

Front 74

What is a buffer?

Back 74

A substance or a group of substances that can absorb or release H+ to correct an acid-base imbalance.

Front 75

What organ regulates CO2?

Back 75

the lungs

Front 76

What organ regulates the base, bicarbonate?

Back 76

the kidneys

Front 77

What is the pH in our body?

Back 77

7.35-7.45 neutral value, a balance in acid and base

Front 78

What are the 3 types of acid base regulators?

Back 78

1. chemical (carbonic acid-base buffer system)
2. biological (absorption and release of H+)
3. physiological (lungs and kidneys)

Front 79

What is the formula of the carbonic acid and bicarbonate buffer system?

Back 79

carbon dioxide + water <-> Carbonic acid <-> Hydrogen ion + Bicarbonate

Front 80

What is hyponatremia?

Back 80

lower than normal concentration of sodium in the blood.

Front 81

What is the normal range of PaCO2?

Back 81

35-45 mmHg

Front 82

What is the normal range of PaO2?

Back 82

80-100 mmHg

Front 83

What is the normal range of oxygen saturation?

Back 83

95%-99%

Front 84

What is the normal range of buffer in the blood (base excess)?

Back 84

+/-2 mEq/L

Front 85

What are some medications that cause fluid, electrolyte, and acid base disturbances?

Back 85

Diuretics
Steriods
Potassium supplements
Antiobiotics

Front 86

Why do we weight patients and measure input and output?

Back 86

To assess fluid status

Front 87

What is phlebitis?

Back 87

Inflammation of the vein

Front 88

What should you do as a nurse if phlebitis develops?

Back 88

Discontinue the IV line, and insert a new line in another vein

Front 89

The CDC recommends that peripheral venous cannulas and rotating sites should happen how often?

Back 89

Every 72 hours

Front 90

What happens if IV therapy is administered too fast?

Back 90

Fluid volume excess, SOB, crackles in lungs, and tachycardia

Front 91

Why are autologous transfusions safer for the client?

Back 91

They decrease the risk of complications such as mismatched blood and exposure to blood borne infectious agents

Front 92

What is infiltration?

Back 92

to permeate or pass through

Front 93

What size cannula should you have for blood transfusions?

Back 93

18 or 19 gauge

Front 94

Why do you prime the tubing of a blood transfusion with 0.9% normal saline?

Back 94

to prevent hemolysis, breakdown of RBC's

Front 95

What is a transfusion reaction?

Back 95

A systemic response by the body to incompatible blood

Front 96

What diseases are transmitted through blood transfusions?

Back 96

malaria
hepatitis
AIDS

Front 97

If a blood reaction is suspected what should the nurse do?

Back 97

stop the transfusion immediately

Front 98

What should the nurse do after she obtains an ABG sample

Back 98

submerge the syringe in ice and take to the lab immediately

Front 99

What are symptoms of circulatory overload?

Back 99

cough, dyspnea, pulmonary congestion, headache, rales, hypertension, tachycardia, distended neck veins

Front 100

What are symptoms of sepsis?

Back 100

sudden onset of chills, high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, hypotension (shock)