Final Exam Terms And Box Essays

Front 1

Varicocele

Back 1

a varicose vein in the pampiniform plexus that disrupts venus return from the testicles. They are found in 15% of the general male population and 40% of men behind evaluated for fertility treatments and may cause sperm abnormalities.

Front 2

vasectomy

Back 2

An incision on both sides of the scrotum to tie off or cauterize the ductus deferens. This results in sperm no longer being able to leave the body and it is phagocitized in the epididymis. The process can be reversed and the rate of successful reversal is over 50%. In many cases it can lead to true irreversible sterility. This is caused by sperm leaking out of the deferens causing an immune response resulting in sterility.

Front 3

Inguinal hernia

Back 3

herniated intestine in the inguinal canal. Wall of inguinal triangle is very weak and so it is easy for the intestines to pop out. Usually results from straining or lifting weights. Occurs in around 2% of all adult males. Easy to fix by patching the hole. Less common in females.

Front 4

benign prostatic hyperplasia

Back 4

common none cancerous tumor (BPH). Uncontrollable growth in the deep mucosal glands of the prostate. Can lead to difficult micturition, which can lead to UTI's and kidney stones.

Front 5

circumcision

Back 5

60% of male babies undergo circumcision. Surgical removal of the foreskin. Controversial, some argue it is unnecessary and painful, others say it is good because it lowers cancer risk.

Front 6

pelvic inflammatory disease

Back 6

widespread infection that originates in the vagina and uterus. Spreads to the uterian tubes and ovaries. Ultimately infects the pelvic peritoneum. 10% of women. Usually caused by chlamydial or gonorrheal infection. Causes infertility in 10-25% of cases unless halted in a few days.

Front 7

endometriosis

Back 7

fragments of endometrial tissues are present in the uterine tubes, on the ovary, and in the peritoneum of he pelvic cavity. Results in extreme pain during menstruation because the fragments respond to the ovarian hormones which builds up more tissue and results in bleeding. Causes 1/3rd of all infertility cases in women. Treat with drugs that suppress menstruation, vaporization via lazer of endometrium, and hysterectomy.

Front 8

episiotomy

Back 8

tearing of the central tendon during childbirth. Resulting tear may heal poorly, weakening the pelvic floor muscles and allowing the pelvic organs to sink inferioril and the uterus to prolapse.

To avoid these problems and episiotomy is performed in 50-80% of deliveries in the US. A cut through the central tendon or lateral to the central tendon to prevent tearing.

Front 9

placenta previa

Back 9

displaced placenta. Condition in 1 in 200 pregnancies. embryo implants in the inferior part of the uterine wall (usually implants in superior part). Usually results in bleeding during last 3 months of pregnancy. Bed rest is prescribed to limit bleeding.

Front 10

placenta abruption

Back 10

displaced placenta. Placenta is in normal position but becomes partly separated from the uterine wall prior to birth. 8x more common than placenta previa. Also results in bleeding during pregnancy. Can interfere with fetal development because not recieving enough blood supply and nutrients.

Front 11

hypospadias

Back 11

most common congenital abnormality of th emale urethra. results in the failure of the two urethral folds to fuse completely. This produces openings on the undersurface of the penis. More urine exits from the underside of the penis than from its tip. Typically corrected surgically around 1 year of age.

Front 12

cryptorchidism

Back 12

congenital condition. Occurs in 5% of newborn males. One or both testis fail to descend into the scrotum. An undescended testis, which can be located in the inguinal canal or pelvic cavity, is sterile because sperm cannot be produced at higher temp. Testosterone is still produced. Surgical correction within 6-18 months to avoid damage to sperm forming cells. Left uncorrected, undescended testes have an increased likelihood of developing testicular cancer.

Front 13

fibroids

Back 13

slow-growing, benign tumors in the wall of the uterus made of smooth muscle cells and fibrous connective tissue. Fibroids occur in about 20% of all women over 30. Their precise cause is unknown but may relate to an atypical response to estrogens. Small fibroids produce no symptoms, but large ones can cause pressure and pain in the pelvis, heavy menstrual periods, and infertility. A conservative treatment is myomectomy, removal of the fibroid from its capsule while preserving the rest of the uterus. However, if the fibroids are abundant, the whole uterus may require removal.

Front 14

hydrocele

Back 14

a swelling in the scrotum caused by an excessive accumulation of fluid in the cavity of the tunica vaginalis; may result from an infection or injury to the testis that causes the layers of the tunic vaginalis to secrete excess serous fluid. Most hydroceles are small and do not require treatment. Large hydroceles can be treated by first aspirating the fluid with a needle inserted into the cavity of the tunica vaginalis and then removing the serious lining of the tunica vaginalis.

Front 15

hysterectomy

Back 15

surgical removal of the uterus; a very common operation, typically performed to remove fibroids (25%-30%), to stop abnormal uterine bleeding (20%), as a treatment for endometriosis (under 20%), and the relieve uterine prolapse (4% to 17%) and chronic pelvic pain (12% to 18%). The uterus can be removed either through the anterior abdominal wall or the vagina. In response to evidence that hysterectomies are performed too often, standardizes criteria for deciding when they are appropriate have been developed by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.

Front 16

orchitis

Back 16

inflammation of the testes, sometimes caused by the mumps virus. If testicular infection spreads to the epididymis, it is called epididymo-orchitis

Front 17

testicular torsion

Back 17

twisting of the spermatic cord and testis within the scrotum, which can starve the testis of its blood supply and produce sudden urgent pain, swelling, and reddening of the scrotum. It can results from the trauma or a spasm of the cremaster muscle and is most common in those males in whom the testis instead of attaching to the posterior scrotal wall, hangs freely. The twist can be diagnosed by various imaging techniques, but surgery to undo it is often performed without waiting for imaging.

Front 18

tubal ligation

Back 18

having one's uterine tubes "tied" surgically as a form of birth control. Usually involves threading a cutting instrument and a viewing tube (laparoscope) through a small incision in the anterior abdominal wall and then tying and/or cutting the uterine tubes. Tubal ligation usually is irreversible, although in some cases delicate microsurgery can successfully reopen or reattach the uterine tubes.