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52 Cards in this Set
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Materialism |
The view that only the physical exists (Metaphysics) |
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Idealism |
The view that only the mental/spiritual exists (Metaphysics) |
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Dualism |
The view that both the physical and mental/spiritual exists (Metaphysics) |
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Skepticism |
The view that knowledge may not be possible (Epistemological) |
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Descartes' Dream Conjunction states: |
We might be dreaming (Epistemological - skepticism about EMPIRICAL knowledge) *a posteriori* |
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Berkeley stated: |
"Esse est percipi" To be is to be perceived |
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Virtue Ethics |
Judges character rather than actions (Aristotle) |
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Stoicism |
Remain emotionally uninvolved in life |
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Intuitionism |
What you think is right is right for you (Also known as individual relativism) |
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Psychological hedonism (egoism) |
Our actions are always aimed at our own pleasure (A kind of psychological determinism) |
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Augustine stated: |
Evil does not exist. It is just the absence of God. |
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Political Philosophy |
A subset/kind of moral philosophy |
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Plato's Republic (3) |
Kings (rulers), Soldiers (peacekeepers), Workers (Artisans) |
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Aquinas' Law (4) |
Eternal, Divine, Natural, Human |
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Locke stated: |
Everyone has the right to property, but not the equal right to equal property. |
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Mill stated: |
I am only responsible to society for my actions that affect others. |
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deBeauvoir stated: |
One is not born, but rather becomes a woman. |
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Self / Other (deBeauvoir's distinction) |
Male / Female |
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Feminist Philosophy |
Women deserve equal rights Academic study |
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Feminism |
Political movement |
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First wave |
Property rights, voting, inheritance |
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Third wave |
Social changes |
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Ruddick stated: |
Maternal thinking was possible for ANYone, but not EVERYone |
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Determinism (3 types) |
Psychological, Neuroscientific, Causal |
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Consciousness (4 types) |
Dualism, Functionalism, Identity Theory, Behaviorism |
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Philosophers discuss zombies because |
It is evidence of Dualism |
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Definitions |
Necessary (doesn't include what doesn't belong), Sufficient (includes everything), and it can't include term defined. |
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Gift giving |
"Counterfeit money" |
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Which 4 types of Determinism holds that the mind is not physical? |
Dualism (The mind is not physical the brain is) |
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Philosophy |
The love of knowledge. (greek) philein meaning "to love" and sophia meaning "knowledge" or "wisdom." It once encompassed nearly everything that counted as knowledgeable. |
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What is an argument? What makes an argument sound? |
An argument is a reason for accepting a position. *premises must be TRUE and SUPPORT the conclusion* |
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List and define the seven fallacies |
1. Switching the burden of proof 2. Begging the question 3. argumentum ad hominem 4. Straw man 5. False Dilemma 6. Appeal to emotion 7. Red harring |
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Does the author believe that philosophical issues are easily answered? Are they unimportant? |
No and no |
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What are semantic disputes? In philosophy, is one opinion just as good as any other? |
Arguing over deginitions or how you're arguing. No. |
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Describe the theory of Parmenides |
He simply assumed some very basic principles and attempted to deduce from these what he thought must be the true nature of being. (being is 1 and unchanging) |
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Describe the theory of Pythagoras |
He saw an intimacy between things and numbers. Whatever the thing, physical or not, it participates in the universe of order and harmony: it can be sequenced, counted, and ordered. |
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Describe the theory of Zeno |
He supported Parmenides theory that reality is one. Zeno's basic approach was to demonstrate that motion is impossible. |
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Metaphysics |
The branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and fundemental properties of being. |
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Epistemology |
The branch of philosophy that explores the sources, nature, limits, and criteria of knowledge. |
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What is the Theory of Knowledge? |
The theory suggests it is impossible to discover any fixed truth beyond what is expressed in theory itself. |
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Describe the Theory of Forms |
Plato's metaphysics; what is truly real is not the objects we encounter in sensory experience but, rather, Forms, and these can only be grasped intellectually. (images are the weakest) |
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Explain Plato's hierarchy of reality |
Forms, scientific objects, physical realm, images |
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Who thought you could not step into the same river even once? |
Cratylus |
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List Aristotle's works |
The Organum, the Rhetoric, the Poetics , the Physics and DeAnima, Metaphysics, Nicomachan Ethics, Eudemain Ethics, and Politics HE DID NOT WRITE "CONFESSIONS" |
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Universals |
Universals are denotated by a general word, a word that appliestomore than a single thing. |
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Explain "Substance" |
Substance refers, first of all, to the individual, particular thing; second, it refers to what a thing is in common with other things. |
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What is the Third Man Argument? |
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List Aristotle's Ten Basic Categories |
Substance itself, quantity, quality, relationships,place, time, posture, constitution, passivity, and activity. |
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List and explain the four theories of universals |
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Skepticism Was Augustine a skeptic? |
A school of philosophy that emerged in the Hellenistic and Roman periods after Plato. He was not completely a skeptic. |
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According to Aquinas, what is the relationship between essence and existence? |
What something is (its essence) is not the same as that it is (its existence); otherwise, it would always exist. |
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What is the difference between Philosophy and Theology? |
Philosophy is based on precepts of reason and Theology is based on truths of revelation held on faith. |
