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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Asceticism |
A life of self-denial and material simplicity, often for philosophical or religious reasons |
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Argument |
The process of reasoning form one claim to another. It may, but need not, be directed against an explicit alternative |
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Proof |
A sequence of steps that lead to the conclusion to be proved |
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Cartesian Method |
Descartes's deductive method that starts with self-evident axioms from which the rest is deduced |
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Fallacy |
An apparently persuasive argument that is really an error in reasoning, a mistake in the deductive form |
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Deductive Arguments |
which reason from one statement to another by means of accepted logical rules, anyone who accepts the premises is bound logically to accept the conclusion |
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Inductive Arguments |
Which infer one statement form another. In this type of argument, it is possible for the conclusion to be false even if all the premises are true. The most familiar example of an inductive argument is a generalization from a set observations to a general statement called a hypothesis |
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Innate |
Knowledge that we are born with |
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Participation (Plato) |
The obscure relationship between the things of this world and the forms of which they are manifestations |
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Monism |
The attempt to reduce all of the varied things in the world to one kind of thing |
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Teleology |
-Universe and all things in it have a purpose Four Causes: -Material Cause -Formal Cause -Efficient Cause -Final Cause - the purpose |
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Conceptual Truth |
A statement that is true and that we can see to be true by virtue of the meanings of the words (or the concepts) that compose it |
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The Appearance versus Reality Distinction |
Underlying reality thought to be quite different from how the world appears |
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Infinite Regress |
A sequence going back endlessly. A caused by B, B cause by C, C caused by D and so on to infinity |
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Prime Mover |
The 'cause-of-itself' which initiates all changes but it is not itself affected by anything prior |
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The Myth of the Cave |
-Our world is like a set of shadows of the real world - it is not an illusion -it is a mere imitation of the bright originals |
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Idealism |
The view that the world is made of the ultimate reality of things, is in the mind |
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Anthropomorphism |
Did God create man, or did man create God? |
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Ontological |
-An argument from the idea of God to his necessary existence -Depends on the idea of God's existence -It is a logical proof |
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Cosmological |
-There must be a first cause ('prime mover') that explains the existence of nature of universe -The lack of a first cause would suggest infinite regress (arguing backwards forever) |
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Teleological |
-Intelligent design is also known has teleological argument -Takes the form of inference to the best explanation -Often position today as an alternate explanation to the theory of evolution |
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John Locke |
-Self-identity depends on our consciousness and memories -The soul is a substance it is distinct from consciousness -Memory provides and infallible link between the stages of a person |
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David Hume |
-The self is a fiction -We rely of resemblance as a criteria of identification |
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Emanuel Kant |
-Lectured in metaphysics for 15 years -rationalism -empiricism -transcendental idealism |
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Rationalism |
The rationalists believed in the use of reason, rather than experience, leads to knowledge of objects around the world |
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Empiricism |
They believed that knowledge comes from experience of objects in the world, rather than our reason |
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Transcendental Idealism |
States that both reason and experience are necessary to understand the world |
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Ethical Relativism |
The belief that we can not make judgements about what people do when their actions are rooted in cultural beliefs |
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Altruism |
Acting for the sake of other peoples interests |
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Existentialism |
is a philosophical movement which emphasizes on individual existence, freedom, and choice. |
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Psychological egoism |
(Descartes, Locke) is the view that humans are always motivated by self-interest, even in what seem to be acts of altruism. It claims that, when people choose to help others, they do so ultimately because of the personal benefits that they themselves expect to obtain, directly or indirectly, from doing so. |
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deontology |
(from Greek δέον, deon, "obligation, duty") is the normative ethical position that judges the morality of an action based on the action's adherence to a rule or rules. It is sometimes described as "duty-" or "obligation-" or "rule-" based ethics, because rules "bind you to your duty." |
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Categorical Imperatives |
-Do this or don't do this -Tell us what we ought to do, independent of circumstances or goals -no matter what don't lie -not dependent on any conditions |
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Utilitarism |
-The will of an action
-The consequences of an action -the particular circumstances of an action -concerned with pleasure and of the self and others |
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Hedonism |
-The ultimate good is pleasure -we want and ought to want pleasure |
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Nietzsche |
-Attacked to morality of Christianity as defined by Kant -Defended Aristotle -The concept of moral duty is fit for servants and slaves, but wholly inadequate to motivate us to personal excellence and achievement |
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Nietzsche Criticism |
-Moral philosophy is largely critical -There are not absolute principles of moral reason -There is no single moral code |
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Retributive Justice |
-Getting even -Criminals suffer or pay an amount of appropriate to the severity of the crime |
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Plato on Justice |
-Justice for the state is justice for the individual -The concerns of individuals takes a secondary role over the individual |
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Aristotle on Justice |
-Defends slavery -slaves ore good and efficient for our society -Different people have different roles |
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Distributive Justice |
-Individuals are due certain rewards for their labor -the poorer and less powerful members of a society were those most in need of the protection that just a society provides |
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The Social Contract |
-Is an agreement among people to share certain interests and make certain comprises for the -good of them all |
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Hobbes Social Contract |
Primarily based on the agreement of equally selfish persons to not murder each other |
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Rousseau's Social Contract |
-Believed that people are naturally good -The function of the social contract, therefore it to allow people to develop the natural goodness |
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John Rawls |
Argues for a view of justice that places the rights of the individual over the utility of the group of the individuals state |
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John Rawls first principle |
Each person is to have equal right to most extensive total system of equal basic liberties compatible with similar system of liberty for all |
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Johns Rawls second principle |
Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both: -to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged -attached offices and positions open to all under conditions of far equality of opportunity |
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Unalienable Rights |
-Locke argued that private property was the fundamental basis of rights -rights bring with them notions of political duties and obligations |
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Negative Freedom |
Freedom from interference |
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Positive Freedom |
Freedom to realize ones own potential |
