Philosophy Final Exam

Front 1

Mind Body Problem

Back 1

the argument over the relationship of the mind to the body

Front 2

necessary condition

Back 2

a statement that must be satisfied for the statement to be true

Example 1: Being at least 30 years old is necessary of serving in the U.S. Senate

Front 3

sufficient condition

Back 3

a statement that if satisfied, assures the statement's truth.

Example 1: An occurrence of thunder is a sufficient condition for the occurrence of lightning

Front 4

Socratic method

Back 4

A system of questioning that was invented to stimulate critical thinking

Front 5

deductive validity

Back 5

an argument in which the premise gaurentes the conclusion

Ex- It is raining, so the ground is wet

Front 6

Cartesian dualism

Back 6

An theroy on the mind body problem proposed by Descartes that says the mind and body are seperate and interact. (Physcial causes mental and vice versa)

Front 7

causal closure of the physical

Back 7

a metaphysical theory about the nature of causation in the physical realm with significant ramifications in the study of the mind.

Front 8

Ryle’s University Seeker TE

Back 8

a thought experiment where a man is shown around a university and than asks "Where is the University?" This is a category mistake becuase the University is a gathering of buildings not a building itself

This has to do with the mind body problem and people use this to argue that the mind does not exist like the body it only is a complex pattern of behavior

Front 9

identity theory

Back 9

The idea that mental states are caused by the brain.

Ex- Phineas Gage

Front 10

Nagel’s Bat TE

Back 10

The Thought experiment where it says that no non-bat will ever truely know how it feels to be a bat. But all of the physical properties can be known by non-bats. So mental states can't be identical to physical states.

Front 11

multiple realizability

Back 11

the view that minds can be realized in things other than brains

This attacks the idenity theory by showing that you do not need a brain to have a mind

Front 12

Putnam’s Inverted Spectrum TE

Back 12

The thought experiment that proposes the idea that it's possible for a man to see blue as red and vice versa and never know

This attacks functionalism by showing it's possible for two identically functional organisms to have different mental states

Front 13

Functionalism

Back 13

The doctrine that mental states are functional states

Front 14

Searle’s Chinese Room TE

Back 14

You are in a room with a book filled with chinese phrases on paper and a book that shows you how to take chinese phrases and respond to them in chinese

This is how some people argue that computers see. They recognize syntax and not semantics

Front 15

emergentism

Back 15

The theroy that mental properties are emergent properties meaning they are had by the whole and not the parts

Ex- schools of fish, flocks of birds

Front 16

consequence argument

Back 16

THe determinist idea that since everything is caused by the laws of nature and events far in the past and since we have not control over either than we have no responsibility for our actions

Front 17

hierarchical compatibilism

Back 17

The compatibilist theory that says you are responsible for your actions unless you had no other choice

Front 18

Frankfurt’s Decision Inducer TE

Back 18

The thought experiment that says a man (Jones) is trying to make a decision but another man (Black) is who can tell if you are going to make a certain decision. Black will intervine if Jones will make a decision he doesn't like.
Jones does something Black likes so Black doesn't intervine
Therefore Jones had no other choice but is still morally resposible for his actions

This is an attack on Hierarchical compatibilism

Front 19

numerical idenity

Back 19

Two things are numerically identical only if they are the same thing

Front 20

qualitiative idenity

Back 20

two things are the same if they share the same qualities

Front 21

Hobbes’s Ship of Theseus TE

Back 21

This thought experiment brings up the idea of Theseus's ship that goes on many voyages and has many repairs
Eventually all the peices are replaced for new ones.
Is it still the same ship Theseus started with?

This thought experiment questions the idea if the idenity of something is in it's properties or if it's the actual thigns that make up the ship

Front 22

soul theory

Back 22

The doctrine that everything we are is inside our soul, and that two identical people are only identical if they have the same soul

Front 23

memory theory

Back 23

The idea that everything we are is in our memory.

Front 24

Shoemaker’s Brain Transplant TE

Back 24

Mr. Brown has a brain transplant to Mr. Blacks body. When Mr. Black wakes up he has all the memories and thoughts of Mr. Brown so he is Mr. Brown

This is brain theroy which says whereever our brains go than we got too

Front 25

Blanshard’s Rabbit TE

Back 25

This thought experiment says that a rabbit was caught in a trap and struggled for says in pain and hunger and eventually died

Blanshard than argues that the pain is not nescessarialy bad it is just something that causes and emotion in us

Front 26

Hobbes’s Ship of Theseus TE

Back 26

This thought experiment brings up the idea of Theseus's ship that goes on many voyages and has many repairs
Eventually all the peices are replaced for new ones.
Is it still the same ship Theseus started with?

This thought experiment questions the idea if the idenity of something is in it's properties or if it's the actual thigns that make up the ship

Front 27

soul theory

Back 27

The doctrine that everything we are is inside our soul, and that two identical people are only identical if they have the same soul

Front 28

memory theory

Back 28

The idea that everything we are is in our memory.

Front 29

Shoemaker’s Brain Transplant TE

Back 29

Mr. Brown has a brain transplant to Mr. Blacks body. When Mr. Black wakes up he has all the memories and thoughts of Mr. Brown so he is Mr. Brown

This is brain theroy which says whereever our brains go than we got too

Front 30

Blanshard’s Rabbit TE

Back 30

This thought experiment says that a rabbit was caught in a trap and struggled for says in pain and hunger and eventually died

Blanshard than argues that the pain is not nescessarialy bad it is just something that causes and emotion in us

Front 31

Euthyphro Dilemma

Back 31

"Is what is morally good commanded by God because it is morally good, or is it morally good because it is commanded by God?"

The dilemma has had a major impact upon the philosophical theism of the monotheistic religions

Front 32

intrinsic value

Back 32

vaule for it's own sake

Ex-Money

Front 33

Instrumental value

Back 33

something with value you because we give it value

Ex-Happyness

Front 34

psychological hedonism

Back 34

The doctrine that the only thing individuals can ever want is their own happiness

Front 35

lower pleasure

Back 35

physical stimulation

Ex- Hunger, sleep

Front 36

higher pleasures

Back 36

Mental pleasure

Ex-a good discussion

Front 37

Categorical Imperative

Back 37

the central philosophical concept in the moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant, as well as modern deontological ethics. it may be defined as a way of evaluating motivations for action.

Front 38

justice as fairness

Back 38

A Theory on justice that has two parts
1. everyone has basic fredoms

2. (A) the upper levels of the justice system need to be open to everyone
(B) They are to do the gresatest good for those in need

Front 39

ethics of care

Back 39

a theory on right and wrong devolped by feminists that focuses on the importance of relationships

Front 40

virtue

Back 40

A human quality marked by a want to behave in a certain way in certain circumstances

Ex- being polite at a fancy dinner

Front 41

Ring of Gyges TE

Back 41

The thought experiment that there is a ring that allows you to be invisable. It says that there is no point to doing a moral good while invisable because ther eis no way to get credit for it

Front 42

Stocker’s Hospital Patient TE

Back 42

You are a hospital patient and are visited by a friend named Smith. As you talk you realize he is being very virtious by visiting you but doesn't care

This represents a big part of a Virtuous Kantian. he says you must care about the actual person and not just be polite for the sake of being polite

Front 43

1st uncaused cause

Back 43

1.The world was made by God
2. Evertyhing is caused or uncaused
3.There can not be an infinite seris of causes
4.So there must be one uncaused cause
5. That cause is God
6.Therefore God exists

Front 44

Paley’s Watch TE

Back 44

This TE is to criticize the idea of natural selection, it has to do with the idea that you're walking down a beach and bump your foot on a watch. You look at it's complex pieces and logically think it must have a designer

This is compared to the idea that humans are far too complex to not have had a designer at some point

Front 45

Guanilo’s Lost Island TE

Back 45

This TE talks about an lost Island that is perfect and it is the best possible one. BUt if it exists in our minds as the best possible one it's not cause a real one would be better so therefore it must exist

This Te experiment pokes fun at the logical proof of God that uses the same logic to prove God is the best possible God.

Front 46

Finite God Defense

Back 46

In a world with so much unnessecary evil one reason God might let this happen is because he might not be all loving and all powerful but actually finite and cannot help

Front 47

Abraham and Isaac

Back 47

The story of Abraham and Isaac is about a father who is told by God to sacrifice his son. He is devestated but is about to when God says he was jsut testing him for his faith.

This is were many people feel that the belief in God is never really going to be proven by science or logic it just takes a leap of faith

Front 48

existentialism

Back 48

The Philosophy of choices and defing yourself and is the most influential form of western Philosophy

they don't really say there is a god but the do agree everything was made for a purpose and it's value of things is how they preform that purpose

Front 49

propositional knowledge

Back 49

a type of knowledge about a certain experence and is either true or false

Front 50

synthetic propositions

Back 50

a propistion that you need experience to prove

EX- a lemon is tart

Front 51

Analytic proposition

Back 51

something true by defination

Ex- a square has 4 sides

Front 52

Allegory of the Cave

Back 52

Imagine you are in a your whole life cave chained to a wall and all you see are shadows are on the wall in front of you. This your entire world until on day you escape to the surface and your eyes are burned by the sun and you return blind with stories of what it's really like and everyone else in the cave thinks you are crazy

This is a comparison to what our world might be like and what we see might be nothing compared to the truth and even if you saw the truth no one would believe you

Front 53

cogito ergo sum

Back 53

Translated as "I think therefoer I am" This the famous line from Descartes that makes him sure he exists at least as a mind

Front 54

Empiricism

Back 54

In philosophy, empiricism is a theory of knowledge that asserts that knowledge arises from sense experience. Empiricism is one of several competing views that predominate in the study of human knowledge, known as epistemology. Empiricism emphasizes the role of experience and evidence, especially sensory perception,

Front 55

synthetic a priori

Back 55

a statment that is universal that cna't be observed

Ex- Time and space

Front 56

direct realism

Back 56

a theory of perception that claims that the senses provide us with direct awareness of the external world.

Front 57

Primary qualities

Back 57

are properties objects have that are independent of any observer,

EX-solidity, extension, and motion

Front 58

Secondary qualities

Back 58

properties that produce sensations in observers,

EX-colour, taste, smell, and sound.

Front 59

Inconceivability of the Unconceived TE

Back 59

This TE tries to argue for Berkeley's idea of God

It says that you can think of the books in your closet but you can't really conceive they are there until you actually see them so you can't be sure they exist

Front 60

justified true belief

Back 60

1. P is true
2. S believes P
3. S has justification for P

These are the three parts of a justified true belief and Gettier says all three need to be true for you believe something is true