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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is a social group? |
A group where you have two or more people with a feeling of interdependence |
Codependency |
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What is aggregate? |
A group of people that are at the same place at the same time but have little in common |
Food court |
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What is a primary group? |
It is referring to people who are really important to you |
Family and friends |
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What is a secondary group? |
Refers to people who have very formal relationships |
Workplace |
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What is group conformity? |
Referring to something like peer pressure |
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Who studied Group Conformity in 1936? |
Muzafer Sherif |
Last name is a different word for police officer |
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How did Muzafer Sherif study peer pressure? |
It was studied through the autokenetic effect |
Optical illusion |
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What did Sherif get volunteers to do? |
Separately look at white light and judge it's movement before being brought into a group |
Lights |
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What did Sherif's results show? |
After meeting multiple times, the group's opinions molded together When dealing with uncertainty, you look to others for clarity |
Clarity and uncertainty |
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Who conducted an experiment in 1958 that involved looking at lines? |
Solomon Asch |
Looks like Salmon |
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What did Asch's get volunteers to do? |
Volunteers were asked to look at a line in one exhibit and then match it to a line in exhibit two and then meet with six other "volunteers" |
Lines and fakers |
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What did the "volunteers" say about the line in Asch's experiment? |
They were told to give the wrong answer and the real volunteer agreed with the others 75% of the time |
Incorrect |
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How did Asch define conformity? |
Asch defined conformity as changing behaviour to comply with the norms of society or a group |
Complying with others |
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What experiment did Stanley Milgram modify to test group conformity? How was it modified? |
It was the shock generator experiment and it was modified to have one real volunteer and two fake ones to encourage the real volunteer to do what they said |
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What is the Comical Experiment on Conformity? |
It is the "foot in the door theory" and is a process where one individual conforms to the wishes of another individual |
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How does the "foot in the door" theory work? |
It is a gradual process that you get people to do one step at a time |
Rhymes with Fryer |
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Who studied Group Confirmity and Harassment in 1992? |
John Pryor |
Computers |
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How did Pryor study harassment in the workplace? |
He recruited men from the university to teach women to use computer programs, but when they were receiving their training, the trainer was harassing the women |
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What did the workplace harassment experiment show? |
It was determined that if a few volunteers imitated a certain behaviour, others would follow |
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How was group conformity tested in respect to the brain? |
Volunteers, while hooked up to a machine, were seperately asked to rank the attractiveness of people in photographs. |
Anxiety and changes |
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What happened after volunteers in the brain conformity experiment were told other people's opinions on the pictures? |
Most of the volunteers changed their results and the parts of their linked with fear and anxiety lit up when they were told their opinion was different |
Last name is first name of Mean Girls character |
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Who studied Group Think in 1972? |
Irving Janis studied this |
Closeness, anxiety and not thinking straight |
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What prior conditions are needed for group think? |
Tightly knit group High stress The leader is not objective |
Overconfidence, oppression and consequences |
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What are the symptoms of group think? |
Different opinions are suppressed Many of the members are arrogant Not looking at the risks of their decisions |
Space and stuff |
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What is an example of Group Think? |
The Challenger Explosion when engineers had concerns about launching the ship but no one would listen |
Talking to family about a career choice |
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What is a reference group? |
A group you use when decision making |
Low to high, high to low |
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What did Samuel Stouffer, during WW2, discover about soldiers in relation to their chances of being promoted? |
Soldiers in low promotion rate units were more optimistic about getting a promotion than soldiers in high promotion rate units |
Looking Glass Self |
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What did Sherry Turkle theorize about about groups and mobile technology? |
Self identity is based off cell phone communication (texting) |
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What did Turkle say about modern day society in regards to the self? |
People tend to abandon "inner directed self" and become dependent on cell phones to generate an emotion |
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What is rationality according to Max Weber? |
It is a logical, scientific manor |
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What are the six characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy? |
Hierarchy Division of Labour Written Rules Written Communication Technical Skill Impersonality |
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What are the three problems with bureaucracies? |
There are so many rules that it hurts the company's efficiency Lack of communication Alienation |
Rule breaker |
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What is deviance? |
It is a relative concept that means anything that goes against the norms of society |
Where and when |
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What does the concept of deviance depend on? |
The time period and the culture you are looking at |
Honour and death |
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What is an example of culture deviance? |
In Feudal Japan, samurai's practiced a ritual type of suicide called harakiri so they could reclaim their honour in death |
Hunger Games announcer first name |
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Who wrote a book and argued, in the first edition, that criminality was genetic? |
Cesar Lombroso |
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What did Lombroso later change his opinion to in the second edition of his book? |
He said 1/3 of criminal behaviour was related to genetics and 2/3rds of it was social |
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Who was Lombroso's biggest critic? Why? |
Charles Goring was. He said a control group would be needed to prove the theory. |
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What two things are neuropsychologists interested in studying? |
They study the brain in regards to extreme behaviour and the difference of brain structure of criminals and regular people |
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What do some neuropsychologists say about the brains of sociopaths? |
The amygdala and prefrontal cortex are not functioning properly |
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What is the prefrontal cortex important for? |
Abstract thinking skills such as thinking of future consequences, socially appropriate behaviour and complex decision making |
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What did Durkheim say about deviance in regards to society? |
That, up to a certain point, it is a positive thing for society since it creates jobs and brings people closer when someone is victimized |
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What did Durkheim say if there is too much social deviance? |
If you have too much, you have an anomie, which is a state of normlessness and where the rules of society get broken down and people aren't sure how to behave |
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Who developed the Strain Theory in 1957? |
Robert Merton |
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What did Merton have to say about the theory Durkheim proposed? |
Merton agreed with Durkheim, except for that fact that some people may feel anomie even if a society was doing well; particularily the poor and disadvantaged |
Good intentions, no way to do it |
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According to Merton, why did people feel strain? |
They may because society stresses that people need to obtain a good life through legitimate means, but not everyone has the means to achieve their goals |
Five ways |
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How does Merton say people adapt to strain? |
Innovation Conformity Ritualism Retreatism Rebellion |
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What is innovation? What is it associated with? |
It is using what you have to get ahead, and is associated with a life a crime. |
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What is conformity? |
It is "hanging in there" and doing the best with what you have |
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What is ritualism? |
It is a robotic way of living or a "do not rock the boat" kind of living |
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What is retreatism? |
It is rejecting the goals and means of society |
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What is rebellion? |
It is creating your own goals and means |
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Who developed the Opportunity Theory? |
This theory was developed by Cloward and Ohlin in 1960 |
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What did Cloward and Ohlin argue? |
They argued that Merton's theory did not explain why there are different types of crimes in different areas and said that differ neighbourhoods offered different illegitimate opportunities for crime |
Regional crime |
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What types of crime did Cloward and Ohlin argue different places had? |
Criminal sub-culture (organized crime), conflict sub-culture (youth gangs) and retreatism sub-cultures (abuse/sell drugs and alcohol) |
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Who developed the Control Theory? |
This theory was developed by Travis Hirschi in 1969 |
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What did the Control Theory study? |
This theory was trying to understand why most of us conform to society |
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What did the Control Theory study? |
This theory was trying to understand why most of us conform to society |
Playing by the rules |
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Why did Hirschi believe most people conformed to the rules? |
People did this because of their "social bonds" were strong, your chance of being socially deviant is low |
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What did John Braithwaite argue in regards to the control theory? |
He argued that when people do something wrong, society controls you by shaming you |
The shame, the pain, I'll never be the same |
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What type of shaming did Braithwaite say was used to control people? |
Distingtrigrative shaming (jail) Re-integrative shaming (embarrassment) |
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Who developed the Differential Association Theory? |
Edwin Sutherland developed this theory in 1939 |
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What did Sutherland base this theory on? |
It was branched off of symbolic interactionism |
Good behaviour influenced by "good" people |
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Which gangs were studied to help prove the Differential Association Theory? |
The Bosozoko (17-20) and the Yakuza |
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Which gangs were studied to help prove the Differential Association Theory? |
The Bosozoko (17-20) and the Yakuza |
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What is the Labelling Theory? |
This theory, which focuses on social interactionism, argues that when society labels someone as a bad person, they will accept the label and become what people say |
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What is the Labelling Theory an example of? |
It is an example of self-fulfilling prophecy? |
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Who studied the Labelling Theory in regards to their schooling experience? |
William Chambliss |
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What does the Social Conflict Theory argue? What does it focus on? |
It argues that deviance is due to inequality and it focuses on how the legal system and social class |
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What types of laws does Chambliss say exist? |
There are "Laws on the Book", which is how everyone is supposed to be treated and "Laws in Action", which shows the extreme bias in the legal system |
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What are the classifications of crime? |
Street crimes and white collar/corporate crimes |
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What is white collar crime? |
It is where someone engages in illegal activity in regards to their job |
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What is white collar crime? |
It is where someone engages in illegal activity in regards to their job |
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What is corporate crime? |
It is illegal activities you do on behalf of the corporation |
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Who came up with the Malthus Theorem? |
Thomas Malthus came up with this theory |
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Who came up with the Malthus Theorem? |
Thomas Malthus came up with this theory |
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What did the Malthus Theorem argue? |
If you don't have checks and balances, your population will grow out of control |
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What are the stages of the Demographic Transition Theory? |
Pre-industrial Societies (high birth and high death) Early Industrialization (high births, death rate drops) Advanced Industrialization (low birth and low death) Post Industrialization (low death and birth rates dropping) |
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What is Fecundity? |
It is a theoretical measure be based on the number of kids a women could biologically have |
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Why is there a life expectancy difference between the genders? |
Cultural and biology factors |
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What are age cohorts? |
They are people born in a given time period? |
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What are age cohorts? |
They are people born in a given time period? |
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Why are age cohorts relevant? |
Age cohorts are relevant because people born in the same time frame experience similar changed in society and culture |
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