Final Exam

Front 1

Affirmative action

Back 1

Positive actions by an employer college, etc to improve employment or education opportunities for women, minority groups, or other people who have suffered from discrimination

Front 2

apartheid

Back 2

Policy of racial segregation and political and economic discrimination against non-European groups in South Africa until the 1990's

Front 3

Between-school effects

Back 3

refer to inequalities among children who go to different schools

Front 4

Capitalist Economic System

Back 4

Type of modern economic system in which people and organizations invest capital in the production of goods and service to make a profit. Owners make profit by keeping cost low. Requires free market

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Caste

Back 5

Most rigid form of stratification. In a caste system, individuals are born into their social position and have few, if any, opportunities for upward or downard mobility. Hindu societies

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Comparable worth policies

Back 6

adjust pay so that people who work in predominantly female occupations are not penalized

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conflict over control in organization

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Consumer society

Back 8

a society whose inhabitants think of themselves more as consumers than as producers. America is an example

Front 9

craft production/ craft unionism/craft worker

Back 9

Employees who combine an intense pride in their work with a broad knowledge of tools, materials, and processes as well as manual skills acquired by long training experience.

Front 10

Cultural capital

Back 10

A concept introduced by Pierre Bourdieu referring to cultural qualities that are prized in the educational system as well as by society overall, and exposure to cultural forms such as art, music, and theater

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denaturalization

Back 11

Process by which something assumed to be normal, universal, and accepted is challenged or modified and thus no longer seems obvious or natural. Example, Gay marriage

Front 12

Discrimination three forms

Back 12

intentional, unintentional, institutional

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scope of discrimination

Back 13

whether discrimination is individual or institutional in origin

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division of labor

Back 14

specialization of tasks required to produce goods. The culmination of the division of labor occured at the original ford production plant

Front 15

Disenchantment

Back 15

A process in which previously religious concepts, values, and ideals become detached from their religious roots and secularized. ex protestant ethic

Front 16

Emotion management/labor

Back 16

both refer to management of feelings to create a publicly observable facial and bodily display. Emotion management becomes emotional labor when sold for a wage

Front 17

Ethnicity

Back 17

Group distinctiveness based on a common territoty, history, and tradition

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ethnocentrism

Back 18

An attitude based on a belief in the cultural superiority of ones own ethnic group above all others

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explotation

Back 19

Manipulation of one person or group by another for the latter's own benefit and profit. Marx argued it is inherent.

Front 20

Family relations

Back 20

As properties: erotic generational and household property

Linked to changes in wider society: reflexivity, individualism, consumerism

theoretical perspective on: feminism, functionalism, marxism

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Fordism

Back 21

A manufacturing system based on mass production and mass consumption of cheap, standardized goods

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Post- Fordism

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involves more "flexible" production and labor arrangements

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fundmentalism

Back 23

Strict adherence to fundamental religious doctrine, with no concessions to modern developments in thought or customs.

Front 24

Gender

Back 24

A way in which one sees their sexuality

Front 25

Gender gap

Back 25

The gap in wages between men and women

Front 26

Gender role conflict

Back 26

a role conflict refers to tensions between the requirements of incampatible roles

Front 27

Gender schemas

Back 27

tacit assumptions about men and women that unconsciously shape people perceptions of others goods

Front 28

Gender socialization

Back 28

the learning of gender roles

Front 29

Gender Typing

Back 29

Predominantly female occupations usually have lower stats and pay

Front 30

Gendered division of labor

Back 30

The differing ways that work and responsibility are divided up in the family between husband and wife. Traditionally husban worked outside home while and wife dedicated herself to the house. Postmodern is changing this.

Front 31

Normative alternatives theory

Back 31

??

Front 32

Genocide

Back 32

Systematic mass murder of a group of people. Holocaust

Front 33

Industrial economy

Back 33

An economy characterized by the employment of large numbers of workers in the mass production of manufactured goods. Industrial economy peaked during the twentieth century

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De-industrialization

Back 34

Systematic, disinvestment in a nation's manufacturing infrastructure

Front 35

Jim Crow Laws

Back 35

Enforced racial segregation in the U.S. South between 1877 and the 1950's

Front 36

Life chances

Back 36

Opportunities for sharing in material or cultural goods during ones lifetime. life chances are affected not only by personal merit and accomplishment but also by race, gender, and socioeconomic status.

Front 37

Marriage squeeze

Back 37

Restricted supply of available partners that results when a woman chooses to delay marriage. Because cultrural norms suggest that women should not marry younger men, and men have a tendancy to marry woman older than them, women who choose to marry later may be caught in a "squeeze"

Front 38

Method of difference

Back 38

J.s Mill one of several methods of comparison

Front 39

Middle America

Back 39

The "one big middle class" that many americans identify themselves as part of

Front 40

Nativism

Back 40

Ethnocentric attitude of a native-born population toward immgrants. In US this attitude was particularly prevalent during the 1850's- a time when American nativists believed that the beliefs and customs of certain europoean groups would undermine the culture upon which US was founded

Front 41

New Age religion

Back 41

A mix of beliefs, pracitices, and ways of life, all of which share the element of "self-spirituality".

Front 42

Nuclear family vs Extended family

Back 42

Nuclear is a form of family organization consisting of husband and wife and their offspring

Extended combines several generation and a variety of different kinship relations.

Front 43

Occupation sex segregation

Back 43

Concentration of men and women in different occupations. Women are concentrated in the types of jobs that pay lower salaries, which is the principal cause of the gender pay gap.

Front 44

Outsourcing

Back 44

Moving unskilled labor to countries without minimum wage laws

Front 45

Patriarchal

Back 45

Adjective referring to the organization of the family around father-rule and, more broadly, to the organization of a society or social system around the idea of male dominance, superirority, and power

Front 46

Privitization

Back 46

Process by which people make the transition from identifying as aprt of a class or occupational group to thinking of themselves as individuals= specifically as individual consumers

Front 47

profane

Back 47

Things related to religion place above every day objects or routines

Front 48

Prestige

Back 48

The esteem, honor, or deference assigned to one's social position

Front 49

Professionals

Back 49

Workers characterized by control of a large body of abstract, formal knowledge; substantial autonomy from supervision; authority over clients as well as subordinate occupational groups, and claim that they will use their knowledge for the benefit of clients.

Front 50

Protestant ethic

Back 50

Belief that wordly successes stemming from individual responsibility and a compulsion to save and invest are a sign of gods favor

Front 51

Race

Back 51

Biologically speaking an arbitray classification assigned based on genetic characteristics.

Front 52

Racism

Back 52

behavior based on the belief that a group is inferior because of inherited physical differences that are inherently connected with behavioral differences

Front 53

Religious economic model

(Rational choice theory of religion)

Back 53

The theory that religion thrives-- even in modern societies-- when religious organizations compete freely for followers

Front 54

Civil religion

Back 54

The public religious dimension of political life

Front 55

Emile durkheims definition of religion

Back 55

Mainly functionalist definition but included a substantive element that he called the sacred as distinct from the profane.

Front 56

Social function of religion, according to durkheim

Front 57

social origion of religion, according to Durkheim

Front 58

Individualism as a religious attitude according to durkheim

Front 59

Religiosity

Back 59

The amount of "religiousness" in society, usually measured by such variables as attendance of religious services, church membership, individual contributions to a church of religious institution, and belief in God.

Front 60

Rites

Back 60

Rules that prescribe how people must conduct themselves with sacred things

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Sacred

Back 61

Refers to things set apart and forbidden.

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Profane

Back 62

Everything not set apart and forbidden

Front 63

Scientific management

Back 63

Taylorism believed that there was one best way to perform every task, and that this way could be discovered by observing workers and then developing a more efficient means of accomplishing their work.

Front 64

Second shift

Back 64

Women continue to bear the main responsibility for domestic tasks, even though more women are working in paid employment outside the home than ever before

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Secularization

Back 65

Disenchantment and rationalization would inevitably result in the decline of religion.

Three dimension??

Front 66

Secularization thesis

Front 67

Service economy

Back 67

An economy devoted to supplying services, such as information processing, teaching nursing, advertising, marketing or food

Front 68

Sex

Back 68

Biological differences between men and women

Front 69

Social class

Marxian

Back 69

Concerned with revealing how the changing capitalist economic system is affecting class relations and whether his prediction of increasing polarization of the two main classes-- capitalist and proletarians-- is occuring

Front 70

Social class

Weber

Back 70

Mapping the changing market of different groups of occupation that constitute classes and investigating how these changes affect "life chances," such as educational attainment, health, and income

Front 71

Social closure

Back 71

Occurs when a group monopolizes advantages or resources and excludes others from having access to them

Front 72

Social mobility

Back 72

Ability of individuals or groups to change their social position or status, either for better or for worse within a social hierarchy.

Front 73

Social Stratification

Back 73

The heirarchal ranking of people on the basis of social difference-- specifically, with regards to their access to desirable resources, their life chances, and their social influence.

Front 74

Step Family

Back 74

A family in which at least one partner has children from a previous marriage, living in the home or nearby

Front 75

Stereotype

Back 75

A neutral term, referring to fixed, cognitive preconceptions that are necessary for understanding modern society. Facilitate and maintain a majorities domination of the minority

Front 76

Thomas theorem

Back 76

States that if people define a situation as real, it is real in its consequences.

Front 77

Transformation of marriage

Back 77

Term reffering to postmodern efforts to denaturalize marriage and redefine the nature of the marriage contract. Gay movement

Front 78

Craft unionism

Back 78

Limits union membership to skilled workers engaged in a particular craft

Front 79

Industrial unionism

Back 79

Combines all workers, skilled and unskilled, who are employed in a particular industry

Front 80

"Insurance agency" model of unionism

Back 80

Workers are regarded as clients whose dues essentially purchase advocates to speak for them when they have problems at work

Front 81

Social movement unionism

Back 81

Links improvements in wages and working conditions to organizing other workers promoting economic equality in society

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Victorian "Love Revolution"

(Collins)

Front 83

"wages of whiteness"

(W.E.B. DuBois)

Front 84

Within-school effects

Back 84

Refers to differences among students in the same school, e.g. differences between students in honors and remedial classes.