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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why is protein considered evolutionary measuring tape?
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because all proteins are composed of only 20 different amino acids all in different arrangements. The sequence of those arrangements determine what kind of protein it composes. That means that similarities b/w amino acid sequences determine how closely related different organisms are.
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What is the basic unit of protein?
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amino acids
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Name 5 basic functions/importance of protein.
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enzymes(regulates biochemical reactions), structure, storage(stores amino acids), defense(provides antibodies), transport
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What is the function of carbohydrates?
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provides energy
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What is the basic unit of carbohydrates?
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Monosaccharide(glucose), disaccharide(lactose), polysaccharide(cellulose)
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What is the basic unit of lipids and function of lipids?
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fatty acids, provides longterm energy and lubricant
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What are the two major categories of lipids?
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saturated and unsaturated fats
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heterozygous
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having two different alleles
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haploid
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a cell with a single chromosome set(23) for instance gametes
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Law of Independent Assortment
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No 1 trait is genetically tied to another(independent from each other)
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codominance
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both genes are expressed (AB blood type)
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chromosome
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wrapped up strand of DNA that holds blueprints of information
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Mitosis
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cell replacement, cells reproduce but keeps chromosomes the same (asexual reproduction)
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incomplete dominance
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neither gene is successful at dominating so instead the genes blend (red+white=pink)
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what is the common denominator between photosynthesis, cell respiration, and climate change?
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photosynthesis absorbs CO2 while cell respiration releases CO2( how humans contributing excess CO2 is disrupting this balance)
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recessive gene
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not visible unless the gene is homozygous for the trait
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phenotype
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physical traits of an organism
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gametes
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egg and sperm cells( sex cells)
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genotype
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the genetic makeup of an organism (the alleles that make it up)
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dominant gene
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trait exhibited regardless of whether or not its allele is identical
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homozygous
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having 2 identical alleles
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polygenic trait
(poly=more than one) |
a trait whose phenotype is influenced by more than one gene. Traits that display a continuous distribution such as height and skin color are polygenic.
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diploid
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two sets of chromosomes (half from the mother, half from the father//(why people have 46 chromosomes)
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meiosis
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cell division that results in sex cells (goes from diploid # (23) to haploid #(46)
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genetic engineering
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purposeful manipulation of genes from one organism to another resulting in a new recombinant
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sex chromosomes
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chromosome that determines gender (X or Y)
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heredity
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that transmission of traits from one generation to the next
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zygote
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a fertilized egg
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autosomes
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chromosomes that do not have to do with sex determination ( in humans each haploid contains 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome)
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nondisjunction
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when body cells split to become egg cells, the members of a chromosome fail to separate resulting in gametes with an abnormal # of chromosomes (RESULTING IN DOWN SYNDROME)
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recombinants
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combining DNA from 2 different sources resulting in a gene combination different than that of the parents (ex: i have something now that my parents don't
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Gregor Mendel
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Father of genetics
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Charles Darwin
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Father of evolution
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gene
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the physical unit of heredity
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pleiotrophy
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one gene that influences several characteristics (can be dangerous when working with genetically identified foods)
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Law of segregation
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parents can only contribute one gene per trait
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allele
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variety of genes that code for the same trait (Rr)-eye color; skin color
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whole foods vs. processed foods
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our bodies use more nutrients to digest processed foods than are actually absorbed from eating them.
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Genetically modified foods
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pleiotrophy, eat as much organic as possible
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causes of climate change
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burning fossil fuels
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affects of climate change
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loss of climate associated jobs (ex: new Hampshire turning into a desert people who worked on mount snow would be out of jobs), destruction of natural resources, flooding, more intense storms, sea level rise due to ice cap and glacier melting, and ice cap melting is also reducing reflective light when the water is absorbing the light, permafrost is melting which causes houses to sink, imerging diseases because insects are finding places.
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solutions to climate change
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stop burning fossil fuels and use solar energy
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impact of climate change on earth, health, economy
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earth-ice caps melting,permafrost melting, distruction of natural resources, sea level rise
health-disease economy-loss of jobs |
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evolution
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change over time
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PRACTICE PUNNETT SQUARES
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alot
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All animals and each member of a species is different
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we did not descend from monkeys!
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Natural selection
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the process through which the species with the genetic variably best suited for its environment survives to pass on its genes, while others don’t(survival of the fittest)
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Genetic variety
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not all members of a species are identical, more organisms are born than can survive (survival of the fittest)
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Fossil record/Relative dating
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ordered sequence of fossils in the ground as they appear in rock layers marking the passage of geological time
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carbon dating(radioactive dating)/absolute dating
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After a fossil is found, its age can be determined by measuring how many half-life reductions have occurred since it died. For instance, carbon 14 has half life of 5,730 years, so if it weighs half as much as a living organism, then one can assume the 5,730 years have passed.
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How can we work towards sustainability?
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Be less selfish, think not about the immediate future but the future for generations to come. Consume less, dispose of properly, purchase biodegradable products.
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The Next Industrial Revolution and some solutions are..
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1. WASTE=FOOD Waste for one equals food for another: make it so your waste is still a valuable resource
2. Be responsible for the entire life-cycle of your product. 3.Use solar income 4. Respect biodiversity |
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Example of sustainability for our future...
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(THE HOLISTIC ACTION)
Whole Foods Market's vision of a sustainable future means our children and grandchildren will be living in a world that values human creativity, diversity, and individual choice. Businesses will harness human and material resources without devaluing the integrity of the individual or the planet's ecosystems. Companies, governments, and institutions will be held accountable for their actions. People will better understand that all actions have repercussions and that planning and foresight coupled with hard work and flexibility can overcome almost any problem encountered. It will be a world that values education and a free exchange of ideas by an informed citizenry; where people are encouraged to discover, nurture, and share their life's passions.this new vision of the future by changing the way we think about the relationships between our food supply, the environment, and our bodies. |
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Homologous structures
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the forelimbs of all mammals are constructed from the same skeletal elements, which is an anatomical sign of descent with modification
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DNA similarity
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The more DNA sequence that two organisms have in common, the more closely related the two organisms are
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Embryological development
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At certain stages of development all embryo of vertebrates and nearly indistinguishable from one another
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speciation
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he evolutionary process by which new biological species arise
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darwins finches
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no 2 creatures are alike....nature is not doing the selections, nature decides what lives and dies (ex: breeding dogs)
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EDC's
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(endocrine disrupting chemical- PCB's + herbocides are disrupting patterns of development
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GMO
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A genetically modified organism (GMO) or genetically engineered organism (GEO) is an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. These techniques, generally known as recombinant DNA technology, use DNA molecules from different sources, which are combined into one molecule to create a new set of genes. This DNA is then transferred into an organism, giving it modified or novel genes. Transgenic organisms, a subset of GMOs, are organisms which have inserted DNA that originated in a different species.
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