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220 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
First person to see microbes under a microscope ro |
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Robert hooke |
Built the first microscope |
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John snow |
Determined the cause of a cholera outbreak in London using patient files and a map |
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Robert koch |
Postulates used to determine specific microbe causes a specific disease |
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Louis Pasteur |
Studied spontaneous generation using swan necked flasks |
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Francesco redi |
Studied spontaneous generation using raw meat |
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Ignaz Semmelweis |
Required medical students to wash their hands in chlorinated lime water after working on cadavers before attending to women in birthing ward |
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Joseph lister |
Sprayed wounds with phenol |
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Edward jenner |
Injected child with cowpox fluid |
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Paul ehrlich |
Magic bullet to destroy pathogens that wouldn’t harm humans |
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Does the germ theory of disease state all microbes are pathogenic? |
No |
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Most bacteria have an overall____ charge and attract stains with a _____ charge |
Negative, positive |
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What’s the most appropriate stain used to identify a bacterial species that has a waxy cell wall that contains mycolic acid? |
Acid fast stain |
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What’s a bacterial genus that has waxy mycolic acid in the cell wall? |
Mycobacterium |
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What was Carl Woese’s three domain taxonomic system based on? |
rRNA sequencing |
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What was Carl Woese’s three domain taxonomic system based on? |
rRNA sequencing |
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Which of the five kingdoms are bacteria a member of? |
Monera |
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What was Carl Woese’s three domain taxonomic system based on? |
rRNA sequencing |
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Which of the five kingdoms are bacteria a member of? |
Monera |
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In staining the purpose of the mordant is to |
Bind dyes to make them less soluble |
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Prokaryotes include what |
Bacteria |
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What is an external structure not found in prokaryotes? |
Cilia |
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What are the functions of glycocalx? |
Protection against drying, protection against loss of nutrients, and attachment to surfaces |
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What structures in prokaryotes is used for sticking to surfaces or other cell? |
Fimbriae and pili |
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What is found in bacterial cell walls? |
Peptidoglycan |
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Do eukaryotes have ribosomes? |
Yes |
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Cell wall |
Maintains shape, protection |
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Cell wall |
Maintains shape, protection |
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Cell membrane |
Boundary, controls traffic in/ out of cell |
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Cytoplasm |
Open space inside a cell |
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Ribosome |
Site of protein synthesis |
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Endospores |
Hardy, dormant, resistant structures |
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Prokaryotic cells have |
A cell wall But no nucleus, rough ER, Golgi apparatus |
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In microbiology, the term “growth” usually refers to what |
An increase in the number of microbial cells |
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A microorganism that doesn’t have catalase would find it difficult to live in an environment with |
Oxygen |
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The use of salt and sugar in preservation of various types of food is an example of which concept? |
Osmotic pressure |
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Cultures of a bacterial strain were incubated in a fridge, on a lab bench, in a 37 degree C incubator, and a 50 degree C incubator. After incubation, there was no growth in the refrigerator or on the lab bench. There was slight growth at 37 degrees C and then abundant growth at 50 degree C. Which term best describes this organism? |
thermophile |
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The stages of the bacterial growth curve in order are |
lag, log, stationary, death |
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Which organisms can find a location in or on human body tissues suitable for growth? |
capnophiles, mesophiles, obligate anaerobes, and facultative anaerobes |
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How many layers of phospholipids in a cell membrane? |
3 |
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_____ molecules can easily pass through a cell membrane, _______ molecules cannot easily pass through a cell membrane |
hydrophobic; hydrophilic |
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When an enzyme catalyzes a chemical reaction it |
increases the activation energy |
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Enzymes are changed or consumed during catalysis |
False |
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The 3 steps in aerobic energy production in their proper order |
glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, electron transport chain |
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The most ATP is produced in what step of aerobic energy production? |
electron transport chain |
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What is the role of oxygen in aerobic energy production? |
it is the final member of the electron transport chain |
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Fermentation uses only the Kreb's cycle for energy production |
false |
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The electron transport chain takes place where in prokaryotes? |
cell membrane |
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The electron transport chain produces what? |
ATP |
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Koch's postulates are criteria used to establish that |
specific microbes is the cause of a specific disease |
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An irregular cluster of spherical bacterial cells is called |
staphylococci |
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Which 2 taxonomic units are used in binomial nomenclature? |
genus and species |
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The smallest and most significant taxon is a ? |
species |
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What is true about endospores? |
sporulation is the process of going from a vegetative cell to an endospore, endospores are resistant to boiling and chemicals, endospores contain a copy of the DNA, and endospores are dormant |
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A gram stain procedure is what kind of stain? |
differential stain |
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The primary stain in the Gram stain is? |
crystal violet |
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Bacterial capsules have a neutral charge |
True |
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What are bacterial shapes? |
bacilli, cocci, and spirals |
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What group of bacteria is pink at the end of the Gram stain? |
gram negative |
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Bacteria reproduce via |
binary fission |
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If you were performing a Gram stain on a bacterial sample and forget the step that uses safranin, what color would the Gram-positive bacteria be at the end of the Gram stain procedure? |
purple |
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What's the primary stain in the acid-fast stain? |
carbol fuchsin |
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What are the colors of acid fast and non-acid fast bacteria at the end of the acid-fast stain? |
pink and blue |
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What's the key difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes ? |
Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles |
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A bacterial cell wall that contains peptidoglycan and teichoic acid is? |
gram positive |
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Is the slime layer firmly attatched to the underlying cell wall? |
no |
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What is the process of a bacterium forming an endospore? |
sporulation |
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Whether an organism is an autotroph or heterotroph depends on its source of nitrogen |
false |
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A facultative anaerobe can produce ATP via aerobic energy production |
true |
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Hektoen agar is commonly used media for growing Gram-negative bacteria from fecal samples. Bile salts in the media inhibit the growth of Gram-Positive bacteria. The media also contains the sugar lactose. If an organism consumes lactose, acid will be produced. Bromothymol blue causes the bacterial colonies to change color when the media is acidic. Based on this description the medium is |
selective and differential media |
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During which growth phase are bacteria adjusting to their new environment (locating available nutrients and producing needed enzymes) |
lag phase |
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Bacteria living in ocean water (high salt) that are transferred to a freshwater stream (no salt) would |
gain water |
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Compare and contrast the cell envelope of gram positive and gram negative bacteria |
Gram-positive bacteria are composed of twolayers, the cell wall is composed of hundreds of layers of peptidoglycan and isthick. There are teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids and the outer membraneis made of membrane proteins. Gram-negative bacteria is composed of threelayers and the cell wall is thin. It doesn’t contain any teichoic acids and theouter membrane contains lipopolysaccharides in addition to phospholipids andproteins. |
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List 3 physical requirements for microbial growth |
temperature, Ph, osmotic pressure |
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list 5 chemical requirements for microbial growth |
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and trace elements |
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List the reagents of the gram stain and state the color(s) of the bacteria at each step. |
First, is the crystal violet which goes with primary stain which is purple. Iodine is rinsed with DI water. Then acetone which is the decolrizer which also ends up purple. Then safranin the counterstain which ends up being purple for gram + and pink for gram -. |
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Spraying Lysol on a kitchen counter and allowing it to sit for the proper duration of exposure before wiping with a paper towel is an example of? |
disinfection |
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Sterilization |
destruction of all microbes |
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Autoclave is an example of |
moist heat and pressure |
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pasteurization |
reduces the number of spoilage bacteria and kills pathogens in food products |
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Turning on an ultraviolet light in an operating room is which method of microbial control? |
radiation |
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placing surgical instruments in an oven to sterilize is which method of microbial control? |
dry heat |
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A surgical mask is which method of microbial control? |
filtration |
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Surfacants |
mechanical removal of microbes |
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Which microbial forms has the highest resistance to physical and chemical methods of microbial control? |
bacterial endospores |
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Which chemical method or physical method of microbial control that denatures proteins? |
radiation |
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What are the actions of chemical or physical methods of microbial control? |
denature proteins, damage nucleic acids, and alteration of membrane permeability |
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Osmotic pressure |
exposes a microbe to a hypertonic enviroment draws water out of the microbe causing the microbe to shrivel |
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Is hydrogen peroxide ONLY effective against obligate aerobes? |
No |
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Are aldehydes sterilants |
yes |
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Targets of broad spectrum antibiotics |
inhibition of protein synthesis, inhibition of metabolic pathways, and inhibition of cell wall synthesis |
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What do bacteria acquire antibiotic resistance by? |
conjugation, transformation, transduction, and mutation |
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Do broad-spectrum antibiotics kill only pathogens? |
no |
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Antibiotics can be used to treat? |
bacterial infections |
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Four classmates from microbiology class are talking about antibiotic resistance. They disagree about the definition, so they state their definition and justification. Which is? |
the bacterium has changed physically or chemically in some way to be able to destroy the antibiotic or avoid its action, allowing it to grow unimpeded by the antibiotic |
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In Griffith experiments with Streptococcus pneumoniae, rough bacteria without a capsule were converted into smooth bacteria with a capsule in the presence of heat-killed smooth bacteria with capsules. Which microbial process has Griffith identified? |
transformation |
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The tryptophan operon is a repressible operon. The tryptophan operon requires that ______ binds to the repressor protein before it can bind to the operator. |
tryptophan |
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The lactose repressor |
is inactivated by binding lactose |
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mutation |
a permanent change in an organisms DNA |
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transformation |
bacteria acquire genes from surrounding environment |
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transduction |
transfer of DNA between cells via a virus |
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conjugation |
F+ cells are donor cells |
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E. coli strain A with a fertility plasmid are mixed with E. coli strain B that donot have a fertility plasmid. E. coli strain B cells do not have a fertility plasmid but now carry some genes from E.coli strain A. What happened is..? |
the E.coli A were Hfr cells |
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genetic recombination |
an event in which one bacterium donates DNA to another bacterium; the result is a new strain different from both the donor and recipient bacteria |
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Bacterial conjugation |
may transfer genes for antibiotic resistant, involves a pilus and direct contact between cells and also the donor bacterium retaining a copy of the transferred genes |
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Hfr recombination involves |
gene integration into the bacterial chromosome, pilus connection between F+ and F- bacterium, and part of fertility plasmid and part of chromosome is transferred |
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During lysogenic viral replication does the viral genome insert into the bacterial chromosome |
Yes |
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Why do some animal viruses have an envelope, while bacteriophage never do |
some animal virus progeny exit, taking part of the animal cell membrane with them, whereas phage always lyse the host bacterial cell when they exit |
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What do viruses exhibit |
nucleic acids, ability to infect host cell, and shape |
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What mechanisms do animal viruses use to enter a host cell? |
enzymatic activation, membrane fusion, and endocytosis |
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The genome of a virus may contain either ___ or _____ |
DNA;RNA |
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Tamiflu is a common medication given for influenza treatment. It works by blocking viruses from leaving the host cell. Which statement reflects the mechanism of Tamiflu's action? |
Tamiflu interferes with the release of the progeny influenza virus budding from the infected host cell |
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ALL viruses contain |
nucleic acid and a capsid |
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attachment |
virus locks onto specific host cell |
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entry |
viral nucleic acid enters the host cell |
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synthesis |
viral nucleic acid is used to produce viral components |
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assembly |
insert nucleic acid into protein coat |
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release |
new viruses emerge from the host cell |
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prions contain |
protein |
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viruses are unable to replicate outside of a host cell |
true |
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can animal viruses use any cell as their host cell |
no |
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In prokaryotes does DNA replication occur bi-directionally around the bacterial chromosome |
yes |
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Successful anti-HIV drug therapies today often work by blocking the action of viral reverse transcriptase. Which step of viral replication that would be directly blocked by this mechanism. |
synthesis |
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Plasmid DNA is |
DNA in addition to chromosomal DNA and it carries non-essential information |
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Latent |
Viruses that cause infection resulting in alternating periods of activity with symptoms and inactivity without symptoms |
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The specificity of DNA is the |
order of the nucleotides |
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What occurs during DNA replication? |
DNA is unwound and unzipped, both strands serve as templates for |
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In prokaryotes translation occurs in the _____ where____ is translated into _____. |
cytoplasm, mRNA, protein |
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In prokaryotes transcription occurs in the _____ where ____ is transcribed into ____. |
cytoplasm, DNA, mRNA |
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DNA replication occurs where in a prokaryotic cell? |
cytoplasm |
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Are bacteria used to produce human proteins? |
yes |
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Do restriction enzymes cut all human DNA into the same number of fragments? |
No |
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Is PCR used to multiply DNA? |
Yes |
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Are viruses used in gene therapy? |
Yes |
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If a DNA strand has a sequence of TTCAGGAT what would the sequence of the complementary DNA stand be? |
AAGTCCTA |
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Gene |
a specific sequence of nucleotides that codes for a protein (or RNA) |
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Each codon in mRNA specifies an ____ in the protein |
amino acid |
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If DNA has a sequence of TTCAGGAT what would the mRNA sequence be? |
AAGUCCUA |
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Is flagella a target of some antibiotics? |
no |
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Looking at your results of the Ames test using agar plates lacking the amino acid histidine, you find that there are no colonies growing on the agar. How do you interpret this result? |
the chemical being tested isn't a mutagen of Salmonella. |
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What microbial control method could be used directly on a hospital patient? |
antisepsis |
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A surgeon preparing for an invasive surgical procedure scrubs their hands with antimicrobial soap, water and a scrub brush for ten minutes. Does this process render their hands sterile? |
no |
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A bacteriopage transfers random fragments of DNA of the previous host to the current host. This is an example of |
transduction |
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What are the 5 targets of antibiotics? |
bacterial cell wall synthesis, metabolic pathways, nucleic acid synthesis, block protein synthesis, and disrupt membranes |
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List the 5 ways bacteria resist antibiotics. |
producing an enzyme that destroys antibiotics, decreasing entry of the antibiotic, pumping antibiotic out of the bacterium before it can act, altering target site, and changing metabolic pathways |
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Name 2 things that can be done to reduce antibiotic resistance. |
proper handwashing techniques, use narrow spectrum antibiotics as much as possible |
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Hyphae are associated with what? |
mold |
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Are yeast multicellular? |
No |
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How does mold reproduce? |
asexually by spores |
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Does fungi have a nucleus? |
yes |
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Is the cell wall of fungi made of peptidoglycan? |
no |
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Is tinea or ringworm caused by yeast? |
no |
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John is a construction worker. He was working in rural Arizona during a dust storm. A few weeks after John began the project he developed a fever, cough, chest pain, headache, fatigue, a rash on his upper body, and night sweats. John may have what? |
Coccidiomycosis |
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Tess enjoys keeping pigeons in a coop on her apartment roof in Brookylyn. She has developed a cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, and a fever. Tess may have what? |
Cryptococcosis |
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Jill made a new year's resolution to get into shape. She joined a gym and has been going 5 times a week. She has noticed red, raised lesions on and around her toes, soles, and the sides of her feet. The webbing between her toes us heavily infected. Jill is not so sure this was the nest new year's resolution. Jill may have |
Tinea pedis |
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Cooper took his 3 year old Mason on a vacation to North Carolina. While they were there, they toured a cave inhabited by bats. About a week after they returned home Mason developed a cough, fever, headache, chills, chest pain, fatigue and body aches. Masin may have |
Histoplasmosis |
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Poppy can't believe how hot it has been this summer in Mississippi. She noticed an area on her stomach that is scaly and darker than the next of her skin. Poppy may have |
Tinea versicolor |
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Judy notices thick, white lacey patches in her newborn son's mouth. Her son may have |
Candidasis |
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Infection |
invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microbes |
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Disease |
any change from a state of health |
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Pathogens have what type of symbiotic relationship with their host? |
parasitism |
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pathogenicity |
the ability of a microbe to cause disease |
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The greatest number of pathogens enter the body through the |
respiratory tract |
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What is the correct sequence of stages of infectious diseases? |
incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence |
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Over half of all healthcare acquired infections can be presented by |
following strict hand washing guidelines |
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Virulence factors |
extracellular enzymes, toxins, antiphagocytic factors |
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What could help a microbe escape phagocytosis? |
capsule |
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If a microbe enters a patient via the respiratory tract and establishes infection, its most likely portal of exit will be |
respiratory droplet |
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If a person with a cold sneezed one foot in front of your face and you got the cold this would be example of what type of transmission? |
droplet |
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If a person with a cold sneezed across the room from you and you got the cold this would be an example of what type of transmission? |
airbourne |
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What describes the parental route of transmission? |
entry by the pathogen being deposited directly into tissue |
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What's an example of the mucous membrane serving as a portal of entry for disease? |
introduction into the body by rubbing the eye with contaminated fingers |
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A healthcare acquired infection is an infection acquired by |
being in a healthcare facility |
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Endemic disease |
disease that normally occurs contiously at a relatively stable rate within a given population or geographic area |
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What are the types of vehicle transmissions? |
airbourne, waterbourne, foodbourne, body fluid |
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Prevalence |
the total number of cases of a disease in agiven area or population during a given period of time |
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What are the 3 reservoirs of disease? |
animal reservoirs, human carriers, nonliving reservoirs |
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Can inanimate objects cause disease by direct contact? |
no |
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Is the common cold an example of a chronic disease? |
no |
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What's the most common healthcare acquired infection? |
catheter associated urinary tract infection |
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Does fever increase phagocytosis? |
yes |
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Leukocytes |
immunity |
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Functions of complement |
cell lysis, call other immune cells to the ares, increase phagocytosis, increase inflammation |
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Which type of cell kill virus infected cells and tumor cells via extracellular killing? |
natural killer cells |
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Phagocytotic process |
Chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, killing, elimation |
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What are the 4 classic signs and symptoms of inflammation? |
redness, pain, swelling, heat |
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Does an antibody bound to antigen activate complement via the classical pathway? |
yes |
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Are interferons produced by animal cells after bacterial infection? |
no |
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Can single B cells recognize many different antigens? |
no |
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If you wanted to know if a patient was just infected with mononucleosis you would test for ___ that binds the virus? |
IgM |
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Function of B cells |
secrete antibodies |
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Antibodies |
proteins that bind to an antigen and tag it for destruction by the immune system |
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What organ system is directly involved with specific immunity by screening leaked fluid for antigens? |
lymphatic |
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7 things that happen when antibody binds to antigen |
compliment is activated via classical pathway, inflammation is increased, inflammation is increased, bacterial toxins are neutralized, viruses and bacteria are prevented from binding to their host cell, bacteria can't divide by binary fission, phagocytosis increases, pathogens are bound together. |
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Antigen presenting cells present antigens to |
T cells |
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Antigen |
molecule that stimulates a specific immune response |
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B cell immune response |
humoral immunity |
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T cell immune response |
cell mediated immunity |
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Epitope |
small part of an antigen that stimulates a specific immune response |
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What do plasma cells secrete? |
antibodies |
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CD8 Co-receptors |
involved with cytotoxic T cells and recognize and kill infected cells and abnormal cells |
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Do antigen presenting cells present epitope in the groove of MHC I to inactivate helper T cells |
no |
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After secreting antibodies plasma cells do they differntiate into memory cells? |
no |
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Will one plasma cell secrete antibodies of various classes but the antibodies will have the same specificity? |
yes |
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Will a fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chicken pox virus across the placenta is passive immunity? |
yes |
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Non-specific (innate) immunity |
an inborn set of pre-existing defenses against infectious disease |
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What does complement do? |
it acts as a cascade reaction, it is composed of 30 blood proteins, and involves a classical and alternative pathway |
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One version of the flu vaccine is prepared by first harvesting flu viruses in chicken embryos and then inactivating the virus. Your friend refuses to get the vaccine. What is a valid reason to not get the vaccine? |
she is allergic to eggs |
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function of MHC |
recognition of self |
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Helper T cells |
activate B cells and other T cells |
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The third line of defense can be described as having___ and ____. |
specificity, memory |
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You really do not want your 3 children vaccinated. Your view is why do it when others around you will get the vaccine and end up protecting you and your children. Whats an accurate statement that your physician may provide you with? |
this is not a smart choice, if enough people choose not to get vaccinated, the susceptible population grows to a large size, breaking the protective effect of herd immunity |
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Endotoxin |
part of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria, released when the bacteria die. In large quantity may cause fever, diarrhea, hemorrhage, and shock |
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Prodromal period |
a short period of time of generalized, mild symptoms and signs. Not all infectious disease have this stage. |
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What is an example of a sign |
fever of 102 degrees F |
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symptoms |
subjective charcaterstics of a disease that is felt by the patient |
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Vaccines are an example of |
artificially acquired active immunity |
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Clonal selection and activation of B cells |
Antigen selects B cell by binding to the RCR. Activated B cell divides by mitosis to produce clones. Some clones become memory cells and indicate that the same antigen is encountered again. Some clones become plasma and secrete antibodies that bind to a particular antigen. |
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Activation of helper T cells |
APC phagocytizes pathogen. Pathogens breaks down into epitopes in lysosome. Pathogen epitope displays on APC is MHC II. Match happens between APC epitope in MHC II and inactive helper T cell TCR and CD4 coreceptors. Activated helper T cell divides by mitosis to produce clones. Some clones become memory cells and some clones secrete chemical sinuses. |
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Activation of cytotoxic T cells |
Infected cell displays infected epitope in MHC. Must find correct inactive cytotoxic T- cell to activate. Match happens between infected epitope in MHC I and inactivated cytotoxic T cell TCR and CD8 coreceptors. Active cytotoxic T cell divides by mitosis to produce clones between memory cells and gene clones become killing cells that secrete chemicals to kill more infected cells. |
