Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Politics
|
A process in which groups make collective decisions. Usually involves running state/ government affairs
|
|
|
Government
|
A state of community to make or administrates public policy and affairs
|
|
|
State of Nature
|
a philosophical theory that constitutes the period before there was government. Used in social contract theories
|
|
|
Public Goods
|
Goods that are not excludable and non-rival. Everyone can have access to these goods. Also called collective goods. Used interdependent of the free rider problem
|
|
|
Free Rider Problem
|
people whom still receive benefits without making any monetary or participation contributions.
|
|
|
Popular Sovereignty
|
In which decisions concerning areas of resident are determined by the public opinion of the people living there. Decision of a state's policies and/or affairs are entrusted in the general will of the people
|
|
|
Equality of Opportunity
|
Part of the 14th Amendment. A civil liberty that protects citizens from discrimination of a declared suspect class (ie: race, gender, religion) granted by both federal and state
|
|
|
Equality of Results
|
Usually used to describe a state in which people have the same material wealth and live in the same conditions. The difference between equality of opportunity and results is that equality of opportunity is right to not be discriminated against but does not mean citizens are equal because of certain externalities. We need equality of results in order to have equal opportunity. (ie: the socio-economic groups of one student vs. a private school)
|
|
|
Democracy
|
A system of government in which the policies and affairs are reflected upon the general majority of the citizens.
|
|
|
Articles of Confederation
|
1st document of governance in America. Because of the fear of a powerful centralized government, the federal government was weakened. They were unable to levy taxes, they were only able to make treaties. The states had the most power. They had their own currency.
|
|
|
Social Contract Theory
|
A social unwritten agreement that a government,state or community creates laws and policies and the citizens follows them.
|
|
|
Connecticut Compromise
|
A compromise with the drafting of the United States Constitution. Two different Plans the Constitutional Convention at the time. Virginia - James Madison a bicameral legislative branch. Based upon population. New Jersey Plan - a unicameral legislation and representation is based upon a equality of senators no matter how small the state was.
The compromise was made into - a bicameral legislative branch with the lower house is by population and the upper house is 2 equal votes. 3/5th compromise alongside three branches of government and Bill of Rights. |
|
|
3/5th Compromise
|
The Compromise made by Southern States in which for every black person residing in a state, it accounts for 3/5 of a white voting age male.
|
|
|
Federalism
|
A belief in which power is divided between a centralized government and ther sub-governmental entities. ie: states and federal government
|
|
|
Full Faith and Credit Clause
|
Part of the 10th amendment in which it states that state laws and policies are need to be complied and respected by other states.
|
|
|
Dual Federalism
|
Relatively small and dealt with usually economic issues. States dealt with everything else. Gave states way more power and ignored many of the laws. (establishment of Jim Crow laws)
|
|
|
McCullough vs. Maryland
|
A clear usage of the supremacy clause. The state of Maryland wanted to tax any bank notes that were not issued by the Maryland bank, McCullough refused to pay. Therefore went to the supreme court and ruled in favor of McCullough due to the supremacy clause in which all federal laws trump state laws.
|
|
|
Ogden v Gibbons
|
A clear usage of the supremacy clause again due to the commerce clause. Ogden was granted by the state of New York to use only his boats in the New York River. Gibbons however, wanted to use his boats also and was granted a license by the federal government. Went to the supreme court and Marshall ruled that the supremacy clause is valid in this because they have the right to regulate interstate commerce.
|
|
|
Cooperative Federalism
|
More so like a marbled cake in which the lines and activities between the branches are unclear. Emerges through categorical grants.
|
|
|
Categorical Grants vs. Block Grants
|
Categorical Grants are given to states by federal government in which have a specific reason. While Block grants are money given by the federal government with only general provisions.
|
|
|
Wickard v. Filburn
|
It is a case upon the supremacy clause also. The agriculture tax in which if you produced more you are taxed. He was taxed and sued therefore under the commerce clause since growing access of wheat involved the dealings of interstate commerce, therefore he is rightfully taxed.
|
|
|
Regulated Federalism
|
The system of government we have now. It is when the government threaten to take grants away if their laws aren't implemented (ie: legal drinking age, will be taken away from other grants)
|
|
|
Unfunded Mandates
|
Regulations the federal government has put upon states that they must uphold without any funding given to them (no child left behind)
|
|
|
Devolution
|
the power in centralized governments are given to the local and state governments. it is different and inverse of federalism.
|
|
|
Us. vs. Lopez
|
An instance in which the Interstate commerce does not apply. Lopez enters the school with a hand gun. Argued it is a federal offense because it violates the interstate commerce clause, because bringing the gun hinders the ability to learn and hampers the economy. Ruled in favor of Lopez in which the ICC does not apply. It limited the centralized government. Loose interpretation does not work.
|
|
|
Civil liberties vs. Civil Rights
|
Civil liberties are freedom from and civil rights are freedom to
|
|
|
Clear and Present Danger Doctrine
|
It puts limitations upon the 1st amendment. Schnek vs. US Schnek was responsible for promoting anti-draft flyers. Ruled that he was operating with in tent on the dangers of the US therefore he is convicted.
|
|
|
Fighting Words Doctrine
|
It puts limitations on the 1st amendment. Chapinsky vs. US when a man called his arresting officer a fascist and a pig. Court Ruled the use of slander does not apply to the first amendment therefore jailed and fined.
|
|
|
Fundamental Freedoms Doctrine
|
Rights that you are entitled to (ie: 14th amendment) The first ten amendments of the Bill of Rights
|
|
|
Texas v. Johnson
|
When a protester decided to burn the American flag, it was deemed federal offense. Appealed and won that under the 1st amendment, he has the right to speak his opinions even though they oppose the institution he lives in.
|
|
|
Establishment clause
|
The government doesn't have the right to establish and official religion over another because of the separation between church and state.
|
|
|
"Lemon Test"
|
A law must have some secular purpose to it but cannot infringe on anyone else's beliefs.
|
|
|
Free Exercise Clause
|
Protection of religious beliefs not practices. Shall make no laws concerning the right to exercise religion.
|
|
|
Neutrality Test
|
Declares that a governmental law or action with a neutral intent and application is constitutional, even if it burdens religion and there is no compelling government interest at stake.
|
|
|
Privacy
|
There is no technical right to privacy in the Constitution. but can be applied in other amendments
|
|
|
Roe V Wade
|
An Abortion case. That is associated with the right to privacy protects a women's reproductive system.
|
|
|
Grandfather Clause
|
A limitation as to undermine Civil Rights. You are only eligible to vote if your grandfather was eligible to vote.
|
|
|
Plessy v. Ferguson
|
Ruled "Separate but equal" Segregation in schools are constitutional because of the equal opportunity clause that separate schools have the same conditions.
|
|
|
Brown v. Board of Education
|
Ruled appealed voided Plessy v. Ferguson in which it stated that segregated schools are not in fact equal.
|
|
|
Affirmative Action
|
Not just one policy, but a range of policies that would help subsidize the racial imbalance in education and employment realms.
Hard policies: Provide preferential treatment to the candidate during a decision making process. Quotas for example Soft policies: Policies that provide special treatment at the recruitment stage, advertising for well qualified minorities |
|
|
Title VII of Civil Rights Act of 1964
|
The whole act alludes to the fact that segregation is illegal and no one shall be discriminated against. This title specifically denotes the fact that no one shall be discriminated in employment settings.
|
|
|
Public Opinion
|
The distribution of individual preferences within an adult population on matters relevant to politics and government
|
|
|
Action Pregnancy
|
Alludes to the fact that people whom vote are the most passionate and informative of the issue and is most likely the minority in the opinion on the issue.
|
|
|
Reception Acceptance Model
|
Reception Acceptance Exposure.
Reception is that the people whom are receptive to the media are the ones that are informed and already have an opinion based. Acceptance - People are more likely to accept news from legitimate sources. Those with stronger opinions are unable to accept what the media says. Exposure - paying attention and taking what you took and applying it into your own life. |
|
|
Agenda Setting
|
Problems of the media:
Agenda is setting is the media's way of prioritizing certain issues in the eyes of the media and therefore translating it to the audience as important issues. |
|
|
Priming
|
By how the media decides to choose their noteworthy issues, it helps the public evaluate the candidates. ie: George W. Bush and the economy.
|
|
|
Framing
|
ability of the media to select an issues and take specific interpretations to illicit support or opposition for that issue
|
|
|
Solitary Benefits
|
It is in which the actions of members have self interests at hand. Especially when it comes to voting, it is time consumption, gas, that is why people don't vote.
|
|
|
Purposive benefits
|
It is when the actions of members have the duty of a more purpose to do something especially voting. It is the job of a citizen to vote and to fulfill the Constitutional duty.
|
|
|
Special Interest Groups
|
Lobbyists. Groups in which members of the group push to influence a law that benefits the members in the group.
|
|
|
Political Efficacy
|
Political belief that citizens can and have the right to influence governmental policies.
|
|
|
Public Interest Groups
|
Members of the group want to influence the law that benefits society as a whole not just the group members.
|
|
|
PACs
|
Political action communities which raise and distribute money to candidates and to parties for the sequential win in electoral.
|
|
|
Pocket Veto
|
10 day review for the president to sign off on a bill passed by Congress. After the 10 days if the President chooses not to sign off on it, it still becomes law without the signature.
|
|
|
Executive Orders
|
A rule or order issued b the president to an executive branch of the government and having the force of law.
|
|
|
Signing Statements
|
Memos that the President can write attached to a bill or law implementing his own interpretation and the bureaucracy must follow.
|
|
|
Honeymoon Effect
|
The highest point of approval by the public and congress for the president right after he goes in office. Congress/ media does not criticize the president.
|
|
|
Rally around the Flag Effect
|
• International affects that causes patrioism into the public and increases support for the president. 9/11 attacks
|
|
|
Rally around the Flag Effect
|
• International affects that causes patrioism into the public and increases support for the president. 9/11 attacks
|
|
|
Go Through Congress
|
Mainly to get things passed by using vantage points (power,prestige,popularity, and patronage) in effect when using to persuade Congress to do what he wants explaining thats what the public wants too; national constituency.
|
|
|
Go Around Congress
|
The ways in which the President using his intelligence to his advantage often acting illegally to achieve his goals (wiretapping, spying)
|
|
|
Open Rules
|
The allowance of using germane amendments to damage the chances of a bill being passed by Congress on the debate floor.
|
|
|
Closed Rules
|
There may not be any more amendments brought up to influence the bill and a set of time is implemented onto its passage.
|
|
|
Filibuster
|
The promotion of unlimited time for a bill to remain debated in the senate. Can be initiated even if one senator agrees upon it, which then might lead to the majority agreeing with that senator. Usually it is revoked when there is a majority that disagrees with it (60 out of 100)
|
|
|
Advertising
|
Campaign strategy of Senators to be reelected. Congressmen seek the approval of the public by public appearances. This is the point in which the Senator had the most interaction with their constituents. They want to win reelection due to the little work, prestige, public policy, power and perks of being a senator. They have free mailing service to contact them. The congress goes through the parachute effect - in which once a senator becomes a senator and never wants to leave.
|
|
|
Credit Claiming
|
The perception the Congressmen makes that they responsible for the good things that happen from the demand of the public. usually through pork barrel projects and caseworks.
|
|
|
Position taking
|
Members of congress take a strong position that the constituent has toward and fights for it.
|
|
|
Pork Barrel Projects
|
Projects that the public fights and demands for. Congress then persuades the government to fathom. Usually costly projects (ie: big dig) and are taxed to the citizens with minimal funding by the government. Increases the liking of constituents to give positive feedback of the Senators.
|
|
|
Paradox of Public Opinion
|
• Much percent of public do not support congress. 69% approve and 71% disapprove. The public approves of them when they get things done for the state (casework, representation, congressional behavior. The disapproval part is due to scandals IE: sex scandals.
• Large majority like the figure, but not the congress itself b/c they are good at what they do |
|
|
Gerrymandering
|
The manipulation of electoral district boundaries in order to have a electoral outcome.
Racial gerrymandering refers to the drawing of district lines to discriminate against minorities, diluting their influence. Partisan gerrymandering - refers to the drawing of partisan lines that discriminate a political party. |
|
|
Principal Agent Problem
|
Refers to the bureaucracy. The description of how the principal must get the agent to do what they are told to do even though they might have conflicting self interests. (ie : Government and its bureaus)
|
|
|
Red Tape
|
Excessive regulation or rigid conformity to formal rules that is considered redundant or bureaucratic and hinders or prevents action or decision making. Essentially, low level rules that make conducting ones affair slower, more difficult or both.
|
|
|
Original Jurisdiction
|
Part of the Judiciary Branch. For a case to be directly inputed into the Supreme court to be dealt with.
|
|
|
Power of the Sword
|
Federalist 78 by James Madison stated that the power of the Judiciary Branch is much less than the other branches because it is required a enforcer to promote such actions as "sword." Sword refers to the position of the sword of initiation of war given to the president.
|
|
|
Judicial Review
|
The power of the Judiciary Branch to consider a law unconstitutional and rule in favor of the jurisdiction.
The final say into a court decision involving the interpretation of the constitution. Power of the judiciary to examine, and if necessary, invalidate undertaken by the legislative and executive branches if it finds it unconstitutional. |
|
|
Marbury v. Madison
|
Prior to the end of John Adam's presidency, he implemented the Judiciary Act of 1789 in which he did midnight appointments and flooded apointees with Federalists. Although the paperwork arrived late, Madison refused to accept the position of Marbury. Marbury sued the court and went directly (Original jurisdiction) to the Supreme court. Marshall ruled that the Judiciary Act of 1789 as unconstitutional. First use of Judicial Review.
|
|
|
Federalist 78
|
Part of the Federalist papers that states the Judiciary Branch is not as powerful when faced with the other branches such as the purse and the sword.
|
|
|
Judicial Restraint
|
Also known as strict interpretation. When the judge interprets the law exactly as it is stated in the Constitution.
Hinders Democracy because it puts all the power in the courts. but it shows the legitimacy of the courts also. |
|
|
Judicial Activism
|
Also known as loose interpretation. When the judge interprets the Constitution beyond the words of the Constitution, to look for a boarder to societal implication of its decision.
Be beneficial if the president has no constitutional basis. it helps insulate the courts to undermine laws that disrupt the constitution; and help disadvantaged groups. |
|
|
Plain Meaning
|
Interpretation of the law based upon if the act truly violates the words written in the Constitution. Direct interpretation supported by rep. Problems arise because the Constitution is vague and there are issues that weren't problematic before.
|
|
|
Original Intent
|
Interpretation of the law based upon the original intent of the Framers
problematic because things in the constitution are undemocratic. |
|
|
Living Constitution
|
Interpretation of the laws based upon the belief that the Constitution is alive and evolving. Taken account for the lessons learned by US and further adapts to current society. Constitution shall be changed to adapt because the current society upholds a lot of different things as compared to back then. Supported by democrats.
|
|
|
Statutory Interpretation
|
Judiciary Branch's power to review and overturn bureaucratic rules and regulations if the court determines it is misinterpreting the Constitution.Some legislation seems ambiguous and tend to change over time.
|
|
|
Stealth Candidates
|
Non controversial and likelihood of them passing is high. Candidate who are unable to answer key judicial elements. Don't know how to judge what side and when in the supreme court.
|
