Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the principle endocrine glands?
|
Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Parathyroids, Thyroid, Thymus, Adrenals, Pancreas (islets), Ovaries, Testes
|
|
decrease in serum calcium level --> parathyroid gland--> increase in PTH (parathyroid hormone) --> increase in calcium mobilization from bone and calcium absorption in gut ---> increased serum calcium level ----> parathyroid gland--> decrease in PTH levels (increased calcium turns system off)
|
Negative feedback for calcium regulation
|
|
A low hormone level and up regulation, or an increase in number of ____________. A high hormone level and down regulation, or a decrease in number of ___________.
|
receptors
|
|
fat-soluble hormone binds to an
|
intracellular receptor
|
|
water-soluble hormone (peptide) binds to a
|
membrane receptor on the plasma membrane
|
|
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
|
target organ: adrenal gland
f: regulates growth and secretion of the adrenal gland, particularly cortisol and the androgen steriods |
|
melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
|
target organ: anterior pituitary
f: promotes secretion of melanin & lipotropin by anterior pituitary- skin darker |
|
somatotropic hormones
growth hormone (GH) |
target organs: muscle, bone. liver
f: regulates metabolic processes related to growth and adaption to physical and emotional stressors, including skeletal growth, muscle growth, increased protein synth. , increases liver glycogenolysis, increased fat mobilization |
|
prolactin
|
target organ: breast
f: milk production |
|
thryoid stimulating hormone (TSH)
|
target organ: thyroid gland
f: increased production and secretion of thyroid hormone |
|
luteinizing hormone (LH)
|
target organ: in women:ovarian follicle
in men: leydig cells f: ovulation, progesterone production f: regulates spermatogenesis, testosterone production, testicular growth, and production of androgens |
|
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
|
target organ: in women: ovarian follicle
f: follicle maturation, estorgen production, acts on Sertoli cells to stimulate estrogen from androgens and synthesis of androgen-binding protein |
|
B-Lipotropin
|
target organ: adipose cells
f: fat breakdown and release of fatty acids |
|
B-Endorphins
|
target organ: adipose cells
f: analgesia; may regulate body temp, food and water intake |
|
hypothalamic hormones stimulate the release of hormones from the _____________ ______________
|
anterior pituitary
|
|
Thalamus is superior to the __________ (w/in the 3rd ventricle) and the ________ is the most inferior (sits in the sella turcica)
|
hypothalamus
pituitary |
|
hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus are actually released from the ______________
|
neurohypophysis
|
|
A decrease in hypothalamic function would cause a _________ in releasing hormone production, thus a decrease from the anterior pituitary hormones, except for _________
|
decrease
prolactin (b/c hypothalamic hormone is a prolactin inhibitory hormone) |
|
w/ diabetes
a loss of endothelial cells leads to __________________ which leads to proliferation of subendothelial smooth muscle, which leads to fibrous plaque formation (_________________) |
exposure to platelets
atherosclerosis |
|
w/ diabetes
hyperglycemia leads to increased polyol concentration in arterial wall = proliferation of _______________ __________ __________, which leads to atherosclerosis |
subendothelial smooth muscle
|
|
w/ diabetes tissue anoxia leads to __________________
|
atherosclerosis
|
|
w/ diabetes
low-density lipoproteins --->proliferation of subendothelial smooth muscle ----> _____________ |
atherosclerosis
|
|
Insulin ----> proliferation of subendothelial smooth muscle ---> ____________
|
atherosclerosis
|
|
thinning of scalp hair
acne increased body and facial hair moon face supraclavicular fat pad trunk obesity thin extremities easy bruising |
Symptoms of Cushing Disease
|
|
outer covering of bone
|
periosteium
|
|
"growth plate"
|
epiphyseal plate
|
|
articular _________
|
cartilage
|
|
the marrow of bone
|
yellow marrow
|
|
in cancellous bone the lamellae are not arranged in concentric layers but in plates or bars termed ____________
that branch and unite w/ one another to form an irregular mesh work |
trabeculae
|
|
the knee joint is of what type?
|
synovial
|
|
short term (anaerobic) sources of muscle activity
|
1. ATP --> ADP + inorganic phosphate + energy
2. phosphocreatine + ADP <---> Creatine + ATP 3. Glycogen/glucose + Inorganic phosphate + ADP ---> Lactate + ATP |
|
long term (aerobic) sources
|
1.glycogen/glucose + ADP + inorganic phosphate + O2 ---> H20 + CO2 + ATP
2. free fatty acids + ADP + inorganic phosphate + O2 ---> H20 + CO2 + ATP 3. Cratine kinase catalyzes the reversible reaction of ATP to ADP: Creatine phosphate + ATP <-----> creatine + ATP |
|
routes of infection to the joint
|
-hematogenous route
- dissemination from osteomyelitis - spread from an adjacent soft tissue infection - diagnostic or therapeutic measures - penetrating damage by puncture or cutting |
|
2 main types of malignant childhood bone tumors
|
osteosarcoma
ewing sarcoma |
|
Name the three types of muscle & where we could fine each type
|
Skeletal - attached to bones
Cardiac - bulk of the wall of the heart Smooth - the walls of hollow structures |
|
What are the two important types of proteinous filaments in a sarcomere
|
actin
myosin |
|
What two molecules are attached to the thinner filament (actin) that is important to the contractile action
|
tropomysin (wrapped around in a spiral fashion)
troponin |
|
What electrolyte is CRITICAL in making contraction happen?
|
calcium
|
|
What are the two important types of cells in bone? Which one moves minerals INTO bone? Which one does the opposite?
|
osteoblasts - build
osteoclasts - extract minerals from bone and put them back into circulations in times of low calcium * synthetic calcitonin can help move calcium move into bone * parathyroid hormone (PTH) takes calcium from bone and puts into circulation |
|
What is the main neurotransmitter involved in skeletal muscle contraction?
|
acetocholine
|
|
What are the sources of ATP for muscle contraction?
|
4 sources of ATP:
-stored atp -phospho-creatine -anaerobic gylcolosis 1 glucose = 2 ATP -aerobic component(require oxygen to be present)- kreb's cycle = 2 ATP, electron transport chain = 32 ATP total 36 ATP |
|
Why is it better to break a bone in your ankle rather than “sprain” it?
|
bone is very vascular - potential to heal is high
tendons and ligaments have very poor blood supply |