Fetal Neck And Face

Front 1

when is fetal facial evaluation included in a diagnostic exam

Back 1

when there is a family history of facial malformations or another congenital anomaly is found

Front 2

fetuses with facial abnormalities usually have what other abnormalities

Back 2

chromosomal

Front 3

what hinders extensive facial screening

Back 3

bone shadowing

poor fetal positioning

oligohydraminos

maternal obesity

Front 4

when can fetal facial features be indentified

Back 4

the end of the first trimester

Front 5

facial congenital anomalies affect?

Back 5

1in 600

Front 6

-bony defect in calvarium that may occur in the occipital or parietal region. May cause hypertelorism

Back 6

encephalocele

Front 7

what is another cause of off axis encephalocele

Back 7

amniotic band syndrome

Front 8

occurs when the amnion disrupts early in the embryonic stage, leaving strains of tissue within the uterus that may lead to a malformed fetus

Back 8

amniotic band syndrome

Front 9

what is the sonographic appearance of the eye lens

Back 9

echogenic circle within the orbit

Front 10

small eyes

Back 10

mcropthalmia

Front 11

absent eyes

Back 11

anopthalmia

Front 12

abnormal protrusion of the eye

Back 12

exopthalmia

Front 13

congenital disorder in which the embryonic prosencephalon fails to properly divide the orbits into two cavities

Back 13

cyclopia

Front 14

cyclopia is more common with which gender?

Back 14

female, and incompatible with life

Front 15

measurement of the lateral to the medial wall of the same orbit

Back 15

ocular diameter

Front 16

lengeth between orbits

Back 16

interocular diameter

Front 17

lateral margin of one orbit to the lateral margin of the other orbit

Back 17

binocular diameter

Front 18

decreased distance between orbits

Back 18

hypotelorism/stenopia

Front 19

abnormally widely spaced orbits

Back 19

hypertelorism/euryopia

Front 20

associated with trisomy 13

Back 20

hypotelorism

Front 21

most accurate measurement for diagnosing hypertelorism

Back 21

interocular

Front 22

most common cause of hypertelorism

Back 22

anterior cephalocele; displaces orbits laterally

Front 23

hypertelorism associated with?

Back 23

craniosynostosis

Front 24

absence of external nasal structures and nasal passages

Back 24

arhinia

Front 25

tongue protrusion may suggest

Back 25

macroglossia

Front 26

enlarged tongue

Back 26

macroglossia

Front 27

macroglossia associated with

Back 27

beckwith-wiedemann syndrome

Front 28

if arhinia is suspected, what should the sonographer do?

Back 28

look for nostril symmetry, nasal septum and continuity of upper lip to exclude cleft lip and palate

Front 29

abnormal positioning of tongue may be indicative of?

Back 29

oral cavity mass

obstructive process

macroglossia

Front 30

teratoma in the oral cavty

Back 30

epignathus

Front 31

how are ears imaged

Back 31

parasaggital or coronal plane

Front 32

how often are ear malformations predicted perinatally?

Back 32

rarely

Front 33

low-set or small ears are indicative of?

Back 33

down syndrome

turner syndrome

Front 34

opening or gap

Back 34

cleft

Front 35

clefting occurs when?

Back 35

when tissues of the lip and or palate of a fetus dont grow together early in pregnancy

Front 36

children with clefts often dont have?

Back 36

enough tissue in their mouth, and and they tissue they do have isnt fused together properly to form the roof of their mouths

Front 37

narrow opening or gap in the skin of the upper lip that extends all the way to the base of the nose

Back 37

cleft lip

Front 38

the opening between the roof of the mouth and the nasal cavity

Back 38

celft palate

Front 39

best view for imaging cleft lip and palate

Back 39

coronal

Front 40

clefting occurs mostly with

Back 40

trisomy 13 and 18

Front 41

which gender is affected more by clefting

Back 41

males

Front 42

clefting identified with an incidence how often

Back 42

1 in 700 births

Front 43

clefting associated more with which race?

Back 43

native americans

Front 44

what percentage of those affected with cleft lip will have cleft palate?

Back 44

80%

Front 45

isolated unilateral cleft lip commonly originates on which side of the face

Back 45

left

Front 46

which cleft palate is difficult to diagnose via ultrasound

Back 46

isolated

Front 47

small chin

Back 47

micrognathia

Front 48

best plane for visualizing the mandible

Back 48

saggital

Front 49

micrognathia can be ____ or _____

Back 49

incidental or associated with congenital anomalies

Front 50

cloverleaf skull

Back 50

craniosynostosis

Front 51

consists of premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures (coronal, saggital, or lambdoid) often resulting in an abnormal head shape

Back 51

craniosynostosis

Front 52

cloverleaf skull has been associated with ?

Back 52

skeletal dysplasias and ventriculomegaly

Front 53

what should findings should prompt for search for further malformations

Back 53

irregularities of the contour of the forehead

Front 54

conditon in which the number of chromosomes in the cell's nucleus is not exact

Back 54

aneuploidy

Front 55

1st trimester nuchal translucency is associated with

Back 55

aneuploidy

Front 56

accumulation of subcutaneous fluid or tissue in the nuchal area

Back 56

nuchal translucency

Front 57

causes of nuchal translucency

Back 57

trisomy 21, 13, 18,

skeletal dysplasia

Front 58

most accurate transducer for nuchal translucency

Back 58

endovag

Front 59

time frame to perform nuchal translucency

Back 59

between 10-14wks

Front 60

abnormal measurement for nuchal translucency

Back 60

>3mm

Front 61

abnormal measurement for nuchal fold

Back 61

>6mm

Front 62

time frame to measure nuchal fold

Back 62

between 15&21wks

Front 63

when is the nuchal fold no longer accurate

Back 63

after 24wks

Front 64

how to measure nuchal fold

Back 64

outer edge of occipital bone to the outer edge of the skin

Front 65

nuchal fold is measure at the level of

Back 65

in the axial plane at the level of the csp and angling coronally to include the cerebellum and occipital bone

Front 66

results from a malformation of the lymphatic system at the level of the jugular

Back 66

cystic hygroma/cavernous lymphangioma

Front 67

characterized by single or multiple cystic areas within the soft tissue surrounding the neck

Back 67

cystic hygroma

Front 68

cystic hygroma assoicated with

Back 68

edema

fetal hydrops

pleural effusion

ascites

polyhydraminos

Front 69

cystic hygroma associated with

Back 69

chromosomal anomalies; turners & down syndrome

Front 70

___%occur in cervical region

Back 70

80%

Front 71

most common neck abnormality, elevated afp

Back 71

cystic hygroma

Front 72

1 in ___ pregnancies affected by cystic hygroma

Back 72

6000

Front 73

common location for neck teratoma

Back 73

anterolateral location

Front 74

may be so large that they obstruct the airway

Back 74

neck teratoma

Front 75

referred as neural tube defects

Back 75

anomalies of the fetal head

Front 76

occur when the embryonic neural tube fails to close

Back 76

neural tube defects

Front 77

most common neural defects

Back 77

anencephaly and spina bifida

Front 78

neural tube defects occur 1 in ____pregnancies

Back 78

1000

Front 79

causes of neural tube defects

Back 79

triploidy, trisomies 13& 18, maternal diabetes, seizure medication

Front 80

what supplement should the mother take during pregnancy to reduce chances of fetal neural tube defects

Back 80

4mg of folic acid (folate)

Front 81

how to screen for neural tube defects

Back 81

sonography, maternal serum screenng, amniocentesis

Front 82

most helpful portion of maternal serum screening for detecting neural tube defects

Back 82

msafp

Front 83

congenital anomaly in which the cerebral hemispheres and overlying skull are entirely absent

Back 83

anencephaly

Front 84

caused by failure of closure of the neural tube at the cranial end

Back 84

anencephaly

Front 85

besides neural tube defects, when will afp be elevated

Back 85

presence of gastroschisis

multiple gestations

incorrect dating

Front 86

afp exits through an opening in the

Back 86

neural tube

Front 87

order of afp production

Back 87

yolk sac, fetal gi tract, then fetal liver

Front 88

lethal disorder with high levels of afp

Back 88

anencephaly

Front 89

prevalence of anencephaly

Back 89

1 in 1000 in us

Front 90

anencephaly risk increases with

Back 90

diabetic mothers

Front 91

____% of anencephaly occurs as a first time event

Back 91

90%

Front 92

___%chance of anencephaly to recurr

Back 92

4%

Front 93

anencephaly affects which gender more? what is the ratio?

Back 93

male, 4:1

Front 94

which race is affected more ?

Back 94

white, 6:1 ratio to africans

Front 95

what country is anencephaly common

Back 95

united kingdom

Front 96

how early can anencephaly be dectected via u/s

Back 96

10-14wks

Front 97

____can mimic microcephaly

Back 97

anencephaly

Front 98

anomalies associated with anencephaly

Back 98

refer to page 10, slide 57

Front 99

developmental abnormality characterized by partial or complete absence of cranial vault with protrustion of brain tissue into amniotic cavity

Back 99

exencephaly (acrania)

Front 100

unlike anencephaly, brain tissue is always present with this abnormality

Back 100

exencephaly

Front 101

poor prognosis, brain tissue appears heterogeneous and disorganized

Back 101

exencephaly

Front 102

rare disorder; infant is born with a gap in the skull

Back 102

cephalocele

Front 103

outward herniation of CNS contents through a defect in the cranium, vast majority are midline

Back 103

cephalocele