Eye

Front 1

astigmatism

Back 1

abnormal curvature of cornea leading to refractive errors and blurred images

Front 2

what is in the outer layer of the eye (2)?

Back 2

1) sclera
2) cornea

Front 3

what is the sclera?

Back 3

white covering where eye muscles attach

Front 4

What is the corena

Back 4

main refractive surface of eye
sensitive to touch

Front 5

what is in the middle layer of the eye?

Back 5

1) choroid
2) ciliary body
3) lens
4) iris
5) pupil
6) vitrous cavity

Front 6

Whatis the choroid?

Back 6

blood vessels and CT between sclera and retina

Front 7

What is the ciliary body?

Back 7

ciliary muscles + ciliary processes resides at junction between cornea and sclera

Front 8

What is the purpose of the ciliary process?

Back 8

secrete aqeous human to anterior and posterior chamber

Front 9

where is anterior chamber

Back 9

between cornea and iris

Front 10

Where is posterior chamber?

Back 10

between iris and lens

Front 11

What is glaucoma?

Back 11

increased fluid pressure in eye due to reduction or blockage of aqeous humor from anterior to posterior chamber

Front 12

How does accomodation occur?

Back 12

contraction of ciliary muscle --> reduce tension on zonule fibers --> lens relax

Front 13

What are the two layers of the iris?

Back 13

stroma - connects to spinchter pupllae and dilater pupillae
epithelial pigmented layer - blocks light from passing through iris into retina

Front 14

What is the vitreous cavity?

Back 14

behind lens filled with vitreous human

Front 15

What are the problems with vitreous cavity?

Back 15

1)floaters - blood debris gets in
2) vitreous detachment - vitreous pulls away from retina

Front 16

What are the ten layers of the retina?

Back 16

1)pigment epithelium
2) outer inner sigment of rods/cones
3) outer limiting membrane between glia and inner photo receptors
4) outer nuclear layer - cell bodies of rods and cones
5)outer plexiform layer - photoreceptorsmake contact with bipolar and horizontal cells
6)inner nuclear zone-cell bodies of bipolar,horizontal and amarine cell
7) inner plexiform layer - thick synaptic zone where bipolar cells make contact with retinal ganglion cells
8)ganglion cell layer - contains cell bodies of ganglion cells
9) nerve fiber layer - retinal ganglion cell axons
10) inner limiting membrane, basal lamina between vitreous and proximal glia

Front 17

An mneumonic for remember the ten layers of retina?

Back 17

POOOIIGNI
POOO
I, I, get nervous instantly

Front 18

What is the vertical chain in neuron? (3)

Back 18

1)photoreceptor synapse bipolar and horizontal cell
2)bipolar cell terminate on ganglion and amacrine cell
3) ganglion cell -terminal out put
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Front 19

What is the vertical chain in the eye with the off shoots?

Back 19

</img>1)photo receptors terminate on bipolar and horizontal cells
2)horizontal cells can mediate lateral interactions in outer plexiform layer
3)bipolar cells terminate on ganglion and amacrine cells
4)amacrine cells can mediate lateral interactions in inner plexiform layer
5)ganglion cells are output cells of retina

Front 20

What are cGMP levels in light vs dark?

Back 20

dark - cGMP increases, Na influx, K efflux --> depol
light - cGMP decreases, reduced Na influx, K efflux,hyperpol

Front 21

Is glutamate released in dark ?

Back 21

yes

Front 22

What is a lower frequency?

Back 22

400-near infared, red
700- near blue, ultravoilet

Front 23

Why do you use red to adapt humans to max rod sensitivity?

Back 23

red is not absorbed by rods to any significant exptent

Front 24

What is a trichromat?

Back 24

has all 3 cone types

Front 25

What is protanopia

Back 25

lack red

Front 26

What is deuteranopia

Back 26

lack green

Front 27

What is tritanopia?

Back 27

lack bule cone pigment

Front 28

Which is more sensitive to low light- rods/cones?

Back 28

rods

Front 29

Which is better for day/night vision?

Back 29

cones - day vision
rods - night vision

Front 30

Which is more sensitive for sunlight and moon light?

Back 30

moon light-mesopic - rods and cones
photopic - sunlight - cones
scotopic - starlight - rods

Front 31

Which has more photo pigment?

Back 31

rods, each photo pigment has signle photo sensitivity

Front 32

Which has a easier dark adaptation time?

Back 32

cones

Front 33

Which is more sensitivity to a different wavelengths of light and which one only has a signle type of pigment?

Back 33

cones - different wavelengths
rods - rodopsin

Front 34

Which has high acquity?

Back 34

cones

Front 35

Which is concentrated in fovea?

Back 35

cones

Front 36

Which is not present in fovea?

Back 36

rods

Front 37

Where are rods usually located?

Back 37

periphery of retina

Front 38

What is visual acuity and how is it measured?

Back 38

spatial resolution andmeasured by snellen chart

Front 39

Wha tis the fovea centralis?

Back 39

pit of cones for fine stimulus detail

Front 40

What is papilledema?

Back 40

swelling of optic nerve head associated with increased intercranial pressure

Front 41

What is macular degeneration?

Back 41

macula and fovea become compromised because pigment epithelium degenerates and forms drusen and allows leaking behind fovea

Front 42

What is glaucoma?

Back 42

pressure in anterior chamber increases because fluid cant get out axons of ganglion cellsand optic vessels compromised

Front 43

What is retinitis pigmentosa/

Back 43

rods of peripheral retina begin to degenerate causing night blindness and eventual tunnel vision

Front 44

What is emmetropia?

Back 44

normal eye shape

Front 45

What is myopia?

Back 45

near sightedness
eyeball is elongated

Front 46

What is hyperopia?

Back 46

eyeball flattened and only distant objects are in focuse

Front 47

What is presbyopia?

Back 47

loss of lens elasticity with age