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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is Structure A? |
Cornea - bulging from front of eye
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What is Structure B?
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Anterior Chamber - between cornea and iris
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What is Structure C?
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Posterior Chamber - between iris and lens
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What is Structure D?
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Vitreous Chamber - posterior to the lens
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What is Structure E?
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Iris - pigmented material anterior to the lens
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What is Structure F?
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Lens - pink-stained disk
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What is Structure G?
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Retina - purple-stained layer at posterior of the eye
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What are the three tunics which enclose the contents of the eye?
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- Corneoscleral layer - fibrous layer composed of cornea and sclera
- Uveal layer - vascular and pigmented layer composed of iris, ciliary body, and choroid - Neural layer - retina |
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What are the components of the corneoscleral layer?
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Cornea and Sclera
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What are the components of the uveal layer?
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Iris
Ciliary body Choroid |
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What are the components of the neural layer?
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Retina
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What is the major refractive structure of the eye?
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Cornea
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How much of the corneoscleral layer is from the cornea?
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Anterior 1/6
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What are the 5 layers of the cornea?
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- Corneal epithelium
- Bowman's membrane - Stroma (substantia propria) - Descemet's membrane - Corneal endothelium |
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What is Structure A?
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Corneal Epithelium
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What is Structure B?
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Stroma (substantia propria)
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What is Structure C?
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Bowman's Membrane
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What is Structure D?
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Corneal Endothelium
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What is Structure E?
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Descemet's Membrane
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What are the contents of the corneal epithelium? How thick?
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- Stratified, squamous, non-keratinized epithelium
- 5 cells thick - Many free nerve endings |
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What is Bowman's membrane?
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- Thick basement membrane of anterior epithelium
- Pale pink - Amorphous layer deep to basal cells of anterior epithelium |
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What does the bulk of the cornea consist of?
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- Stroma (substantia propria) ~80%
- ~200-250 lamellae of dense collagenous tissue (Type I collagen fibrils) - Interspersed w/ glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins, and cells (fibroblasts, macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes) |
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What type of collagen fibers are in the lamellae of the stroma (in the cornea)? How are they arranged?
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- Type I Collagen Fibers
- Within a single lamella they are parallel - Collagen fibers in adjacent lamellae are perpindicular |
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What is Descemet's membrane?
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Basement membrane underlying the corneal endothelium
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What are the contents of the corneal endothelium?
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Flattened cells that line the inner surface of the cornea
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How are corneal abrasions detected?
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- Place a drop of fluorescein in eye
- Observe eye w/ a slit lamp using a cobalt-blue light - Damage is revealed by yellow fluorescence of exposed basement membrane |
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What does LASIK surgery involve?
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- LAser in SItu Keratomileusis
- Remove a superficial flap of cornea - Reshape underlying cornea w/ a laser - Replace flap so that it conforms to underlying surface |
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What layer is scraped away during a LASIK procedure?
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Stroma
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What does the iris control?
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Amount of light entering the eye through its central aperture (pupil)
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What is the anterior compartment of the uveal layer?
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Iris
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What is Structure A?
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Pupil
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What is Structure B?
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Iris
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What is the arrow pointing to?
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Sphincter pupillae muscle
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The sphincter pupillae muscle receives what type of innervation?
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Parasympathetic
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The dilator pupillae muscle receives what type of innervation?
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Sympathetic
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What does the iris divide?
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Anterior compartment into anterior and posterior chambers
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What is Structure A?
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Anterior Chamber
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What is Structure B?
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Posterior Chamber
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What are the components of the lens?
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- Anterior lens cells
- Lens fibers |
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What kind of cells are the anterior lens cells?
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Simple cuboidal epithelial cells
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What is the structure of the lens fibers?
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- Extremely elongated
- Tightly packed cells - Do not contain nuclei, except where they are forming at the periphery |
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What is structure A?
What is structure B? |
A = Lens cells
B = Lens fibers |
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What is the lens surrounded by?
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Lens capsule = thick epithelial basement membrane
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What structure extends from the lens?
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Zonule fibers - insert into the lens capsule
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What is Structure A?
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Zonule Fibers
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What is a cataract?
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Loss of transparency from the lens
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What is the space between the lens and the iris?
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Posterior Chamber
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What is the space between the cornea and iris?
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Anterior Chamber
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What is the space posterior to the lens?
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Vitreous Chamber
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What is Structure A?
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Ciliary Processes
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What is Structure B?
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Ciliary Body
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What is the bulk of this structure?
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Ciliary Muscle (bulk of the ciliary body)
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What is the shape of the ciliary body?
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- In cross-section it looks triangular
- In 3D it is a ring-like structure |
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What does the ciliary body continue as anteriorly? Posteriorly?
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- Anteriorly - iris
- Posteriorly - choroid |
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What happens when the ciliary muscles contract?
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- Zonule fibers become slack
- Reduces tension in lens - Lens thickens |
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Ciliary muscles receive what type of innervation?
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Parasympathetic
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What covers the ciliary processes?
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Double layer of epithelium which continues anteriorly to cover the posterior surface of the iris (double layer because of the invagination of the optic bulb to form the optic cup)
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Which cells secrete aqueous humor?
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Cells of the outer epithelium covering the ciliary processes
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What is aqueous humor?
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Clear, watery fluid, similar in composition to CSF
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What does the aqueous humor supply nutrition to?
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Avascular cornea and lens
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Aqueous humor is released into what space?
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Posterior chamber
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How does aqueous humor get from posterior chamber to anterior chamber?
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Through the pupil
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What is the circled structure?
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Canal of Schlemm
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From the anterior chamber, where does the aqueous humor drain?
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Through the Canal of Schlemm into the venous sinuses of the sclera
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Where is the Canal of Schlemm located?
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Near the junction of the cornea and iris (iridiocorneal angle) - angle of the eye
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Posteriorly, the cornea is continuous with what?
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Sclera - the white, opaque connective tissue that covers the posterior 5/6 of the eye
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What is Structure A?
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Sclera
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What is the junction between the cornea and the sclera?
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Limbus
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Where do the extraocular muscles insert?
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Sclera
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What is the posterior part of the uveal layer?
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Choroid - highly vascular, heavily pigmented layer that stains dark brown
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What is the function of the pigment in the choroid?
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May absorb stray light
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The junction between the anterior and posterior parts of the neural layer is called what? What is the difference between the anterior and posterior parts?
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Ora Serrata
- Anterior - non-photosensitive - Posterior - photosensitive |
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How many layers are there in the retina?
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10
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What are the layers of the retina from exterior to interior?
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J - Retinal pigment epithelium
I - Photoreceptor layer H - Outer limiting membrane G - Outer nuclear layer F - Outer plexiform layer E - Inner nuclear layer D - Inner plexiform layer C - Ganglion cell layer B - Optic nerve fiber layer A - Inner limiting membrane |
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The most external layers of the retina are adjacent to what? The most internal layers of the retina are adjacent to what?
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- External - choroid
- Internal - vitreous humor |
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What layer is between the choroid and the first layer of the retina?
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Bruch's membrane - thin basement membrane
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What is Structure J?
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Retinal Pigment Epithelium - first layer of the retina, closest to the choroid
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What kind of cells are in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (1)?
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Simple cuboidal epithelium
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What structure is on the cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (1)?
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- Microvilli
- Extend to surround outer segments of photoreceptor cells |
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What is the function of the cells of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (1)?
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- Phagocytose the vesicles shed by the outer segments of the photoreceptors
- Pigment absorbs stray light that passes through the retina |
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What layers of the retina include the photoreceptors (rods and cones)?
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- Retinal Pigment Epithelium (1/J)
- Photoreceptor Layer (2/I) - Outer Limiting Membrane (3/H) - Outer Nuclear Layer (4/G) - Outer Plexiform Layer (5/F) |
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What is structure I?
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Photoreceptor Layer (2)
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What is structure H?
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Outer Limiting Membrane (3)
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What is structure G?
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Outer Nuclear Layer (4)
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What is structure F?
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Outer Plexiform Layer (5)
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Where are the outer segments of the rods and cones?
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Embedded in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (1)
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What structures are in the outer segments of the rods and cones?
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Light sensitive pigment
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What structures are in the inner segments of the rods and cones?
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Organelles for protein synthesis and energy production
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What does the Outer Limiting Membrane separate?
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- Separates the inner segments of the rods and cones (photoreceptor layer) from the
- Nuclei of the photoreceptors (Not actually a membrane, but simply a visible junction between two parts of the photoreceptor cells) |
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Where are the inner segments of the rods/cones located?
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Photoreceptor Layer (2)
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Where are the nuclei of the rods/cones located?
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Outer Nuclear Layer (4)
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Where do the axons of the photoreceptors synapse? Onto what?
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- Outer Plexiform Layer (5)
- Onto Interneurons |
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What is structure E?
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Inner Nuclear Layer (6)
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What kind of structures are in the inner nuclear layer (6)?
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Nuclei of the integrating neurons (bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and horizontal cells)
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What is structure D?
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Inner Plexiform Layer (7)
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What is in the Inner Plexiform Layer (7)?
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Axons of bipolar cells and amacrine cells synapsing on ganglion cells
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What is structure C?
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Ganglion Cell Layer (8)
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What is in the ganglion cell layer (8)?
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Cell bodies of ganglion cells
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Are the axons of ganglion cells myelinated or not?
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Unmyelinated
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What is structure B?
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Optic Nerve Fiber Layer (2)
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What is found in the optic nerve fiber layer?
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Unmyelinated axons of ganglion cells
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Where do the axons of the ganglion cells go after leaving the optic nerve fiber layer?
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Toward the optic disc where they exit the eyeball as the optic nerve
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What is structure A?
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Inner Limiting Membrane
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What separates the vitreous humor from the retina?
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Inner limiting membrane - glial boundary
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Light travels through the optic nerve fiber layer and nuclear and plexiform layers before reaching the photoreceptors, true or false?
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True
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Why are the axons of the proximal neurons in the retina unmyelinated?
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In order to be relatively transparent
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What happens to the cell bodies of the proximal neurons in the region of the fovea?
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The cell bodies are shifted out of the path of light to achieve high visual acuity
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Retinal detachment usually begins with a tear where?
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Peripheral retina
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What causes an increase in retinal detachment once it begins as a tear in the peripheral retina?
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Vitreous humor insinuates between the retina and underlying retinal pigment epithelium
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What is the structure in the box?
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Fovea
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What makes the fovea the area of highest visual acuity?
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Photoreceptors are almost exclusively cones
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Which layers are nearly absent in the fovea?
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- Ganglion cell layer
- Inner nuclear layer |
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The fovea is in the center of what?
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A small yellow disk called the macula lutea
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