Exploring Psychology 9Th Ed Chapter 13

Front 1

Social Psychology

Back 1

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

Front 2

Attribution Theory

Back 2

the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.

Front 3

Fundamental Attribution error

Back 3

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

Front 4

Attitude

Back 4

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

Front 5

Peripheral Route Persuasion

Back 5

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.

Front 6

Central Route Persuasion

Back 6

Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.

Front 7

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Back 7

The tendency for people who have first agree to a small request to comply with a larger request.

Front 8

Role

Back 8

A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

Front 9

Cognitive Dissonance theory

Back 9

The theory that we actually reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes in our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.

Front 10

Culture

Back 10

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

Front 11

Norm

Back 11

An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior.

Front 12

Conformity

Back 12

Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Front 13

Normative social influence

Back 13

Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid this approval.

Front 14

Informational social influence

Back 14

Influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others opinion about reality.

Front 15

Social facilitation

Back 15

Improve performance on simple or well-earned task in the presence of others.

Front 16

Social loafing

Back 16

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pulling their efforts towards attaining a common goal and when individually accountable.

Front 17

Deindividualization

Back 17

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

Front 18

Group polarization

Back 18

The enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.

Front 19

Groupthink

Back 19

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

Front 20

Prejudice

Back 20

An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude towards a group and its members. Prejudice generally involve stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and predisposition to discriminatory action.

Front 21

Stereotype

Back 21

A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.

Front 22

Discrimination

Back 22

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.

Front 23

Just-world phenomenon

Back 23

The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

Front 24

Ingroup

Back 24

"Us"-people with whom we share a common identity.

Front 25

Outgroup

Back 25

"Them"-those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.

Front 26

Scapegoat theory

Back 26

The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

Front 27

Other-race affect

Back 27

The tendency to recall faces of one's own race were accurately in the faces of other races. Also called cross-race affect in the own-race bias.

Front 28

Aggression

Back 28

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.

Front 29

Frustration-aggression principle

Back 29

The principle that frustration – the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal – create anger, which can generate aggression.

Front 30

Social script

Back 30

Culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.

Front 31

Mere exposure effect

Back 31

The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.

Front 32

Passionate love

Back 32

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.

Front 33

Compassionate love

Back 33

The deep affectionate attachment we feel to those with whom our lives are intertwined.

Front 34

Equity

Back 34

A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

Front 35

Self – disclosure

Back 35

Revealing intimate aspects of one's life to others.

Front 36

Altruism

Back 36

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

Front 37

Bystander effect

Back 37

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

Front 38

Social exchange theory

Back 38

The theory that social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

Front 39

Reciprocity norm

Back 39

An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.

Front 40

Social – responsibility norm

Back 40

An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.

Front 41

Conflict

Back 41

A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

Front 42

Social trap

Back 42

A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self – interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

Front 43

Mirror – image perceptions

Back 43

Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.

Front 44

Superordinate goals

Back 44

Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

Front 45

GIRT

Back 45

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction- a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.