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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Social Psychology
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the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
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Attribution Theory
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the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.
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Fundamental Attribution error
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the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.
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Attitude
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feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.
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Peripheral Route Persuasion
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occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.
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Central Route Persuasion
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Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.
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Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
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The tendency for people who have first agree to a small request to comply with a larger request.
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Role
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A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
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Cognitive Dissonance theory
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The theory that we actually reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes in our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.
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Culture
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The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.
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Norm
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An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior.
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Conformity
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Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
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Normative social influence
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Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid this approval.
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Informational social influence
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Influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others opinion about reality.
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Social facilitation
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Improve performance on simple or well-earned task in the presence of others.
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Social loafing
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The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pulling their efforts towards attaining a common goal and when individually accountable.
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Deindividualization
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The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
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Group polarization
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The enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.
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Groupthink
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The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.
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Prejudice
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An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude towards a group and its members. Prejudice generally involve stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and predisposition to discriminatory action.
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Stereotype
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A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.
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Discrimination
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Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.
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Just-world phenomenon
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The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
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Ingroup
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"Us"-people with whom we share a common identity.
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Outgroup
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"Them"-those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.
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Scapegoat theory
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The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.
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Other-race affect
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The tendency to recall faces of one's own race were accurately in the faces of other races. Also called cross-race affect in the own-race bias.
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Aggression
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Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.
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Frustration-aggression principle
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The principle that frustration – the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal – create anger, which can generate aggression.
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Social script
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Culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.
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Mere exposure effect
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The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.
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Passionate love
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An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.
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Compassionate love
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The deep affectionate attachment we feel to those with whom our lives are intertwined.
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Equity
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A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.
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Self – disclosure
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Revealing intimate aspects of one's life to others.
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Altruism
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Unselfish regard for the welfare of others.
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Bystander effect
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The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.
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Social exchange theory
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The theory that social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.
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Reciprocity norm
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An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.
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Social – responsibility norm
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An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.
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Conflict
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A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.
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Social trap
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A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self – interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.
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Mirror – image perceptions
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Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.
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Superordinate goals
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Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.
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GIRT
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Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction- a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.
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