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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Exercise Physiology |
basic and applied science that describes the body's response to exercise and adaptation to training in an attempt to maximize physiological performance |
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Modality (4 Factors describe acute bout of exercise) |
-mode of exercise -aerobic or anaerobic |
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Intensity (4 Factors describe acute bout of exercise) |
-is it maximal or sub maximal |
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Characteristics of Exerciser (4 Factors describe acute bout of exercise) |
pattern of response is always similar but magnitude of change differs depending on many factors (age, gender, health) |
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Specificity |
matching exercise to the physiological response required |
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Training Principles |
ensure maximal adaptation -specificity, overload, adaptation, progression, maintenance, retrogression, individualization, warm-up/cool down. |
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Metabolism |
-the sum total of all energy transformations that take place in the body -involves both anabolic and catabolic processes -follows the 1st law of thermodynamics |
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Adenosine Triphosphate |
-primary stored form of chemical energy -Carbon Nitrogen base called adenine and 5 carbon sugar called ribose join to form adenosine -3 phosphate with high energy bonds due to electrostatic stress |
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ATP is produced in 3 ways
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1) lactic acid pathway or immediate energy system 2)Anaerobic Respiration 3) Aerobic Respiration |
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Overview of Cellular Respiration |
1. all 3 food nutrients are used 2. primary substrates are glucose, FA, and AA 3. Acetyl CoA is the universal substrate 4. Beta Oxidation, Oxidative Deaminaton, and transaminaton generate more Acetyl CoA 5. Kreb's Cycle, ETS, and oxidative phosphorylation is the final common steps for the 3 food nutrients |
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Ketones |
-when CHO sources are low OAA is shuttled to the liver to form glucose for the brain and CNS -then acetyl CoA builds up and is shuttled to the liver to form ketones -ketones form ketosis which lowers pH
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3 Forms of Ketones |
-Acetoacetic Acid -Betahydroxybutyric Acid -Acetone |
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Protein Metabolism |
-not used as fuel under most normal circumstances but when used, branched chain AA are used (Luecine,isoluecine, and valine) -AA linked together with a common amino group and a Nitrogen |
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Fuel Utilization at Rest |
Fat - 40-70% CHO - 30-40% PRO - 0-20% |
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How is energy provided during O2 deficit? |
1) O2 that is bound to hemo and myoglobin is used 2) ATP-CP system 3)anaerobic glycolysis |
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Why is excess O2 consumed? (fast) |
1) we want to reoxygenate Hb and Mb back to resting 2)get ATP-PC back to resting by phosphorylating ADP 3)to meet energy needs for increased HR and ventilation |
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Why is excess O2 consumed? (slow) |
1) increased epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol which affects muscle membrane permeability. So we increase Na/K pump activity also. 2) increase body temp, for every 1 degree celsius there is a 15% increase in metabolism 3)minimal O2 consumption to handle the lactate produced in anaerobic glycolysis
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How is lactate produced? |
1) when there is anaerobic glycolysis 2)a byproduct of red blood cell metabolism 3)portions of the eye and kidney produce lactate |
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Anaerobic (Lactate) Threshold |
-exercise intensity above which there is a disproportionate increase in lactate or ventilation relative to O2 consumption |
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Problems with Lactate (Pain) |
-hydrogen ions stimulate pain nerves in muscle |
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Problems with lactate (Metabolic Fatigue) |
-affects enzyme efficiency - will inhibit PFK -affects membrane transport mechanics (glucose and FA) -substrate availability (decreased HSL and phosphorylase) |
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Problems with Lactate (Muscular Fatigue) |
-inhibits actin-myosin cross-bridge formation -inhibit myosin ATPase activity -inhibits Ca release and uptake from the SR |
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Fates of Lactate |
1) taken up by non working skeletal muscle and is changed to pyruvate (55-70%) 2)Cori cycle (20%) 3)carbons can be broke off and used to form AA (10%) 4) some will stay as lactate (2%) |
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VO2 Max |
-the maximum volume of O2 that can be taken in, transported and utilized by the cells
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How to know if someone has reached VO2 Max |
1) [La] is more than 8 mmol per L 2)HR near max 3)O2 consumption plateaus even though work increases (important) 4)RPE>17 5)RER>1.1 |
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When does O2 Drift Occur? |
1)the intensity remains constant but is above 70% of VO2 Max 2)the intensity is lower than 70% VO2 Max but it very prolonged 3)exercising in hot humid conditions |
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Why does O2 drift occur? |
1)increased catecholamines 2)increased lactate 3)increased reliance on CHO 4)increased cost of breathing and HR 5)increased body temp |
