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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Metabolism |
The total of all energy transformations that occur in the |
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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
Stored chemical energy that links the energy yielding and energy requiring functions within all cells |
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Phosphorylation |
The addition of a phosphate (Pi) |
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Hydrolysis |
The chemical process in which a substance is split into simpler compounds by the addition of water |
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Coupled reactions |
Linked chemical processes in which a change in one substance is accompanied by a change in another (energy requiring and releasing reactions of ATP) |
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Cellular respiration |
The process by which cells transfer energy from food to ATP in the stepwise series of reactions. It relies heavily on the use of oxygen |
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Anaerobic |
In the absence of not requiring nor utilising oxygen |
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Aerobic |
In the presence of requiring or utilizing oxygen |
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Substrate |
Fuel substance acted on by an enzyme |
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Metabolic pathway |
A sequence of enzyme mediated chemical reactions resulting in the specified product |
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Glycogen |
Storage form carbohydrate composed of chains of glucose molecules chemically linked together |
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Glycogenolysis |
The process by which stored glycogen is broken down or hydrolyzed to provide glucose |
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Enzyme |
A protein that accelerates the speed of a reaction without itself being changed by the reaction |
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Substrate level phosphorylation |
The transfer of phosphate directly from a phosphorylated intermediate or substrates to ATP without any oxidation occurring |
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Oxidation |
I gain of oxygen a loss of hydrogen or the direct loss of electrons by an atom or substance |
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Reduction |
A lot of hydrogen and gain of electrons or a gain of hydrogen by an atom or substance |
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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) |
A hydrogen carrier in cellular respiration |
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Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) |
A hydrogen carrier in cellular respiration |
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Mitochondria |
Cell organelles in which the formation of the acetyl coA Krebs cycle electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation take place |
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Coenzyme |
A non-protein substance derived from a vitamin that activates an enzyme |
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Krebs cycle |
A series of eight chemical reactions that begins and ends with the same substance. Energy is liberated for direct substrate phosphorylation of ATP from ADP and phosphate carbon dioxide is formed and hydrogen atoms removed and carried by NAD and FAD the electron transport system. Does not utilize oxygen but requires its presence |
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Electron transport system (ETS) |
The final metabolic pathway which proceeds as a series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria the transfer electrons from the hydrogen atom carriers NAD and FAD to oxygen. Water is formed as a by-product. The electro chemical energy released from the hydrogen ions is coupled to the formation of ATP from ADP and phosphate |
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Oxidative phosphorylation (OP) |
The process in which nadh+ H+ and fadh2 are oxidized in the electron transport system and the energy released is used to synthesize ATP from ADP and phosphate |
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Beta oxidation |
A cyclic series of steps that breaks off successive pairs of carbon atoms from free fatty acids which are then used to form acetyl-coa |
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Transamination |
The transfer of nh2 amino group from an amino acid to a keto acid |
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Gluconeogenesis |
The creation of glucose in the liver from noncarbohydrate sources particularly glycerol lactate or pyruvate and alanine |
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Glycolysis |
The energy pathway responsible for the initial catabolism of glucose in a 10 or 11 step process that begins with glucose or glycogen and ends with the production of pyruvate (aerobic glycolysis) or lactate (anaerobic glycolysis) |
