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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What portion of the brain is responsible for normal respiratory cycle? |
Medulla |
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What provides the stimulus to start breathing, when someone is holding their breath? |
PCO2 and H+ |
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What causes a change in partial pressures when the air enters the trachea? |
Humidifies |
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What is solubility? |
-ml of gas per 100 ml of fluid -the ability for gas to enter solution |
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Where in the body is oxygen pressure measured? |
Carotid artery |
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Which marker provides the most important stimulus to respiratory stimulus? |
Pressure of CO2 |
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What is the pressure of air at sea level? |
Oxygen =760 mmHg |
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What is the effect of body temperature on ventilatory regulation? |
Very little effect |
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The PO2 at rest in the artery is 100 mm Hg and in the vein it is 40 mm Hg. What does this tell us about the blood during exercise? |
Reserve of 40 mmHg |
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What happens to the partial pressure of oxygen as it goes from the trachea to the alveoli? |
Decreases |
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Define Tidal Volume. |
Volume inspired or expired per breath |
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Define IRV. |
Maximum inspiration at the end of tidal inspiration |
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Define ERV |
Maximum expiration at the end of tidal expiration |
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Define FVC |
Maximum volume expired after maximum inspiration |
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Define RLV |
Volume in lungs after maximum expiration |
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Define TLC |
Volume of air in lungs after a maximal inspiration |
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Define MVV |
Rapid deep breathing for 15 sec. as much as you can then multiply by 4 to get 1 min. |
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Define FEV |
It's for one second (FEV1) the amount of air you move in one second and divide it by FVC. The amount of air you moved in the first second divided by the total amount of air you moved in the entire breath. |
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What muscles are responsible for inspiration? |
-Diaphragm -scalene muscles -internal and external intercostal muscles |
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What muscles are responsible for expiration at rest? |
-Passive activity -Diaphragm relaxes and air is pushed out |
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What muscles are responsible for expiration during exercise? |
Abdominal muscles and internal intercostal muscles |
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What is the function of surfactant? |
decreases surface tension |
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What happens to the air once it goes through the trachea? |
Humidifies it |
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What moves gases in and out of the blood? |
Partial pressure |
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What happens to CO2 levels during hyperventilation? |
CO2 levels decrease while O2 increase |
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What happens to blood pressure during the valsalva maneuver? |
-Closes the glotis in the back of the throat. -Stabilizes core and collapses veins and lowers blood pressure . -Closes off blood flow to the heart |
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What happens to blood pressure during upper body weight training? |
Blood pressure increases |
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How much oxygen will move across the alveoli into the blood? |
Depends on the partial pressures, until it reaches equilibrium |
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What enzymes are needed to allow oxygen to attach to Hb? |
No enzymes are needed, only partial pressure |
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What is the Bohr effect? |
When temp. or acidity increases . HB lets go of oxygen |
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Know the correct equation for Bicarbonate transfer. |
CO2+H2OH2CO3H++H2CO3- |
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Know where this occurs and which enzyme is used. |
Carbonic Anhydrase helps convert water and carbon dioxide into bicarbonate , CO2 enters the RBC, once the it's made the hydrogen ion will attach to the RBC and bicarbonate goes to the lungs. |
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How is myoglobin different the hemoglobin? |
Move from capillary to mitochondria, it is smaller than the hemoglobin and carries 1 oxygen instead of 4, not affected by acidity and temperature |
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What does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve explain? |
Illustrates the saturation of HB with oxygen at various PO2 values including a alveolar - capillary gas at sea level |
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At rest, what has the greatest effect on breathing rate? |
Partial pressures of oxygen, CO2, and the pH level |
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Know the neurogenic factors that affect breathing rate? |
Anticipation which increases breathing rate emotional responses |
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What regulation is being done during Phase III of activity? |
Fine tuning - after steady state has been reached, feedback from the body moving and the chemical content of the blood allows for just small adjustments of the breathing to be made. |
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What is ventilatory threshold? |
When ventilation increases disproportionately to relative to oxygen consumption. |
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What is OBLA |
(Onset of blood lactate accumulation) Point where blood lactate rises to 4 mM |
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What are some of the possible causes of OBLA? |
-lower blood oxygen -Increase in NADH -Lower Blood flow to Muscle |
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What is the energy cost of breathing? |
Up to 15% for endurance, and 8-10% on average. |
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How is the body affected by cigarette smoking? |
- Increases airway resistance -Vagal reflex -Prevents heart rate from increasing during exercise |
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Know what happens to the respiratory system with training? |
No changes |
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What is Alkalosis? |
Increase in pH and decrease in hydrogen ions |
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What is Acidosis? |
Decrease in pH and increase in hydrogen ions. |
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Know the 3 chemical buffers |
-Bicarbonate buffers -Phosphate buffers -Protein buffers |
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Know how the ventilatory buffer works |
-Co2 is breathed off to control pH -H2O+CO2H2CO3 -Water combines with carbon dioxide |
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Know how the renal buffer works |
-kidneys will filter nitrogen out of the body -H+ is excreted through urine |
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Be able to tell if a pH number is acidic or alkaline |
0-7 acidic 8-14 alkaline |
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Do the respiratory system limit performance |
nope |
