Exercise Phys

Front 1

The smaller you are the_your surface area to body mass ratio, so it requires _energy per gram to maintain normal body temperature

Back 1

larger

more

Front 2

What factors affect BMR?

Back 2

Age, Gender, Weight, Hormonal status

Front 3

What is the BMR?

Back 3

Basal metabolic rate, it is the minimum rate of energy production to sustain vital functions in a waking state.

Front 4

_has by far the most profound effect on energy expenditure.

Back 4

Physical activity

Front 5

_ is the Energy requiring processes related to assimilating food (motility, secretion, digestion, absorption)

Back 5

Obligatory thermogenesis

Front 6

Metabolic rate is proportional to what?

Back 6

heat production and O2 consumption

Front 7

What are the two ways you can measure metabolic rate?

Back 7

direct calorimetry, and indirect calorimetry

Front 8

__ measures rate of O2 utilization (VO2) which is proportional to energy production and metabolic rate

Back 8

Indirect Calorimetry

*in this case, we assume 5 calories of heat is liberate per liter of O2 consumed

Front 9

Phase I of Ventilation is _.

Phase II of Ventilation is _

Phase III of Ventilation is _

Back 9

an abrupt increase in VE at the onset of exercide

gradual increase in VE with increase in workload

III: steady state VE. Reached at about 4-5 min. into exercise bout

Front 10

(T/F) Hemoglobin limits VO2 max in healthy individuals

Back 10

False

However, Hb can determine max [O2]

Front 11

During high exercise intensity _ reaches a plateau and _alone account for increase in cardiac output

Back 11

SV

HR

Front 12

Arterial blood gas values in exercise do not change until the _ threshold is reached. At this point, the increase in ventilation is no longer proportional to workload. There is an _ in ventilation

Back 12

lactate

exponential increase

Front 13

Lung surface area decreases about _% per decade

Back 13

4

Front 14

A decreased diffusion capacity with age is due to what?

Back 14

thickening of bronchial mucous layer and increases in distance between alveoli and blood

Front 15

What are the three principle energy stores in the body?

Back 15

glycogen, protein, lipid

Front 16

The liver stores _ - _ g of glycogen, but at most _ g

Back 16

75-100 ; 120 or 8% of body wt

This is available for use by the whole body

Front 17

Muscle stores _ - _ g of glycogen, which (can/can not) contribute to blood glucose

Back 17

300-400g

can not (Muscles lack G6Pase)

Front 18

Protein stores could provide up to _ days of energy.

Excess protein can be oxidized to CO2 and converted to _ or _

Back 18

10

glycogen or triacylglycerol

Front 19

An average male has enough fat stores to sustain resting metabolism for how long?

Back 19

8-9 weeks

Front 20

What are the three major organs that handle glucose assimilated by the small intestine?

Back 20

liver, muscle, adipocytes

Front 21

Liver stores some glucose as _ and converts some to _, for export to the _

Back 21

glycogen ; FA (packaged as VLDLs) for export to adipocytes

Front 22

Muscle stores some glucose as _ and converts some to _ and _ for export to the _

Back 22

glycogen ; lactate and gluconeogenic amino acids for export to the liver.

Front 23

Adipocytes convert glucose to __

Back 23

glycerol-3-phosphate, a precursor of TAGs.

Front 24

There are three mechanisms maintain normoglycemia following carbohydrate ingestion, what are they?

Back 24

1) Suppression of hepatic glu production
2)Stimulation of hepatic glu uptake
3) Stimulation of glu uptake by peripheral tissues

Front 25

uptake of glucose in muscle and adipose is regulated via insulin to promote translocation of the _ transporter

Back 25

GLUT 4

Front 26

The liver can store glucose, or convert it to FAs via _and export them as _ and _

Back 26

citrate lyase ; TAGs; VLDLs

Front 27

Insulin acts on muscles to :
- increase activity of _ so glu is stored as gly
- increase activity of _ so increased glucose oxidation

Back 27

glycogen synthase

pyruvate dehydrogenase

Front 28

Adipose tissue has _ which hydrolyses the TAGs in VLDL exported from liver to synthesize and store FA

Back 28

lipoprotein lipase

Front 29

The brain has a relatively constant uptake of glucose via insulin-(in/dependent) _ across blood-brain barrier.

Neurons take up glucose via what receptor?

Back 29

independent GLUT 1

insulin independent GLUT3

Front 30

The two major organs handle the amino acids assimilated by the small intestine are _ and _.

Back 30

Liver (converts gluconeogenic aas to glycogen)

Muscle (converts amino acids to glycogen)

Front 31

The liver removes mostly _ amino acids such as _ and _. Muscle captures predominately _ as such as _..

Back 31

gluconeogenic (Alanine and Glutamine)

branch chained (Leu, Iso, Val)

Front 32

Glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle is catalyzed by _, which can be activated in three ways. What are they?

Back 32

Glycogen Phosphorylase

1) epinephrine → cAMP → active PKA (GPb → Gpa)
2) GPb allosterically binds AMP (AMP is increased during muscle activity)
3) Ca2+ increases during activity and allosterically activates PK and thereby activates conversion of GPb → Gpa

Front 33

In the liver, Glycogen breakdown predominately under the influence of _. How can glycogen be broken down here?

Back 33

glucagon

Glucagon can activate glycogen phosphorylase (via cAMP)

Glycogen can be converted to glucose bc the liver has G6P

Front 34

_ and _ hormones stimulate lipolysis

Back 34

Epinephrine and Growth

Front 35

What are the three energy systems the muscle has during exercise?

Back 35

1. ATP and Phosphocreatine, immediate energy source for about 20 sec or less
2. Muscle glycogen for 60-90 sec
3. Oxidation of glucose and FA for 2 min or more

Front 36

ATP store is diminished within _.
ATP-PC system is depleted by _.

Back 36

4 sec
15 sec

Front 37

Training results in decreased tissue sensitivity to _during exercise

Back 37

insulin

Front 38

A person who eats a high fat diet will reach exercise exhaustion after _ hours, whereas a person with a high carbohydrate diet will reach exercise exhaustion after _ hours.

Back 38

1.5;

4

Front 39

Fiber _ is the major mechanism for increases in strength.

Back 39

Fiber hypertrophy

(Different than hyperplasia which does not occur often)

Front 40

It's possible to increase _ 30% with in 7-10days of intense aerobic exercise.

Back 40

mitochondrial activity

Front 41

_ break down bone for release of Ca2+ and phosphate

Back 41

Osteoclasts

Front 42

In osteoporosis, _ are more active than _.

Estrogen has a suppressive effect on _

Back 42

osteoclasts ; osteoblasts

osteoclasts

Front 43

Hypocalcemia stimulates _. This hormone then acts on Bone to _, on intestines to _, and on the kidney to _.

Back 43

PTH secretion

activate osteoclasts, releasing Ca and phosphate into blood,
increase Ca absorption from food
Promotes Vit D and increases Ca reabsorption

Front 44

Estrogen turns up _ production, which will _.

Back 44

OPG production, which will eliminate RANKL.

RANKL is responsible for promoting differentiation of osteoclasts

Front 45

The amount of bone resorption depends on the balance of _ and _

Back 45

RANKL and OPG

Front 46

Bone requires _.

Back 46

Stress

in the absence of weight bearing activity no amount of nutritional or endocrine intervention can or will maintain bone density