Exchange Surfaces And Breathing

Front 1

metabolism

Back 1

the rate the body uses energy

Front 2

how do prokaryotic cells move substances in and out of their body (cell)

Back 2

by diffussion

Front 3

what do eukaryotic cells have to enable them to take in and remove waste?

Back 3

exchange surfaces
transport systems

Front 4

what do all living cells need to be kept alive?

Back 4

-oxygen for respiration
-glucose for an energy source
-proteins for growth and repair
-fats for membranes and energy stores
-minerals to maintain water potential and other enzyme reactions
-water

Front 5

how do organosms get the substances they need?

Back 5

-absorb from the environment
-make them inside the cytoplasm as part of the cells metabolism

Front 6

what are the substances that come from the metabolic processes but need to be removed?

Back 6

carbon dioxide found in animals and plants not carrying out photosynthesis
-oxygen from photosynthesis and some protocists
-ammonia or urea that contain excess nitrogen

Front 7

why cant eukaryotic cells take their substances from the environment by diffussion?

Back 7

-too far a distance for nutrients to reach
-small surface area to volume ratio
-wouldnt be able to absorb substances quick enough to stay alive
-body is too thick/dense for substances to diffuse to

Front 8

what do exchange surfaces look like?

Back 8

-large surface area, often folds (intestines)
-thin cell wall so distance is less
-fresh supply of molecules on one side and removal of required molecules on the other side to maintain a steep concentration gradient

Front 9

give some examples of good exchange substances

Back 9

-small intestine where nutrients are absorbed
-liver where the sugar and blood levels are adjusted
-root hairs of plants where water and minerals are absorbed
-hyphae of fungi where nutrients are absorbed

Front 10

what determines if an organism requires a transport system?

Back 10

-surface area to volume ratio (the larger animal the smaller SAVR)
-size and level of activity

Front 11

describe gas exchange in the lungs

Back 11

-oxygen diffuses from the air into the alveoli into the blood
-carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction: from the body to the alveoli ibto the atmosphere

Front 12

what does gas exchange require?

Back 12

a steep concentration gradient

Front 13

explain what is meant by a concentration gradient

Back 13

-a high concentration of molecules on the supply side
-a low concentration of those molecules on the demand side

-therefore the molecules will diffuse from the supply side to the demand side.

-to maintain this happening a fresh supply of molecules is needed on the supply side and removal of the molecules on the demand side.
-both sides can be demand and supply sides, for example in the lungs the alveoli are supply for oxygen and demand for carbon dioxide. the blood stream is demand for oxygen, yet supply for carbon dioxide

Front 14

describe how a steep concentration gradient is maintained in the lungs

Back 14

-oxygen is on the supply side in the alveoli.
-this diffuses to the demand side in the blood.
-the body then removes the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body and is replaced with other deoxygenated blood.

-carbon dioxide is on the supply side in the blood
-this diffuses to the alveoli, on the demand side
-the carbon dioxide is breathed out into the atmosphere.
-carbon dioxide is then repolaced by more deoxygenated blood on the supply side

Front 15

name and explain ways in which the lungs are suited to gas exchange

Back 15

+large surface area
-created by lots of alveoli

+small diffussion distance
-one cell thick capillary and alveoli wall

+concentration gradient maintained
-good blood supply so oxygen passes to the blood and carbon dioxide passes to the lungs

Front 16

what is the surfactant and what is its job?

Back 16

-produced by the lungs
-stops the alveolus from sticking together
-without it the alveolus would collapse and stick together because of cohesive forces.
-the water molecules and the lining of the air sacs would stick together
-surfactant acts as a detergent and prevents stickiness

Front 17

what is the role of cartilage?

Back 17

-supprts the trachea and the bronchi when aor pressure is low during inhalation
-broken circles allowing neck movement and the expansion of the oesophogus when swallowing

Front 18

what is the role of smooth muscle?

Back 18

-contracts making the lumen narrower
-when constricting it restricts the airflow to and from the alveoli
-important if harmful substances are in the air
-not a voluntary act
-one cause of asthma

Front 19

what is the role of the elastic fibres?

Back 19

-found with the smooth muscle
-when the smooth muscle contracts it constricts the airways and deforms the shpe of elastic fibres
-elastic fibres are antagonising against the S.M so when it stops consticting they bounce back
-this makes the lumen return to the original size, dilating the airway (widening)

Front 20

what is the role of the goblet cels and the glandular tissue

Back 20

-secretes mucus
-traps bacteria, pollen and other tiny particles from the air like dust.
-reduces risk of infection

Front 21

whats the role of ciliated epithelium?

Back 21

-have numerous hair-like structures projecting from the outer side of the cell
-move in a synchronised pattern to waft the mucus to the back of the throat
-here its either coughed up or is swallowed where the acidity in the stomach will kill anything harmful

Front 22

what is the difference between the trachea and the bronchi?

Back 22

-trachea is the biggest one
-trachea has thicker walls and the most layers of cartilage
-cartilage in the trachea is in C-rings, but in the bronchi its less complete and regular
-the trachea has the most smooth muscle
-small bronchi have clusters of alveoli

Front 23

what does the alveolus have?

Back 23

-squamus epithelium

Front 24

what so the spirometer used for?

Back 24

to aid the understanding of exercise on the body

Front 25

how does the spirometer work?

Back 25

-chamber filled with oxygen that floats on water
-as oxygen is removed, lid goes down
-as person breathes out, lid goes up

Front 26

tidal volume

Back 26

the volume of air moved

Front 27

vital capacity

Back 27

largest volume of air that can be moved from the lungs in one breath

Front 28

residual volume

Back 28

-volume of air that always remains in the lungs

Front 29

dead space

Back 29

the air in the bronchioles, bronchi and the trachea where there is no gas exchange between air and blood

Front 30

inspiratory reserve

Back 30

how much more air can be breathed in above the normal tidal volume

Front 31

expiratory reserve

Back 31

how much more air can be expired over and above the amount breathed, in a tidal volume breath

Front 32

breathing

Back 32

ventilation

Front 33

how do we inspire?

Back 33

-diaphragm contracts becoming flatter
-external intercostal muscles contract raising the ribs
-volume of chest cavity increases
-pressure in chest drops below that of the atmosphere
-air rushes into the lungs

Front 34

how do we expire?

Back 34

-diaphragm relaxes becoming curved
-external intercostal muscles relax lowering the ribs
-volume of chest cavity decreases
-pressure in lungs becomes higher than that of the atmosphere
-air rushes out of the lungs

Front 35

explain the conditions of the spirometer

Back 35

-person always has nose clipped so they cant exhale through there nose
-soda lime is used within the spirometer to absorb the carbon dioxide and so that the person doesnt inhale carbon dioxide

Front 36

what are the advantages of breathing through youre nose?

Back 36

-air is warmed and filtered
-hairs trap pollen, dust and bacteria

Front 37

what is the role of macrophages in the lungs?

Back 37

to ingest bacteria by producing enzymes that digest bacteria

Front 38

what is aerobic respiration?

Back 38

uses oxygen to produce energy

Front 39

what is anaerobic respiration?

Back 39

doesnt use oxygen to produce energy, and lactic acid is built up in the muscles