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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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always unicellular |
protozoa |
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unicellular or multicellular |
fungi algae |
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multicellular except reproductive stages |
helminths (animals w/ unicellular egg or larval forms) |
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nuclear envelope nucleolus chromosomes |
nucleus |
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Flexible framework of proteins, microfilaments and microtubules form network throughout cytoplasm –Involved in movement of cytoplasm, amoeboid movement, transport, and structural support |
cytoskeleton |
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•Long, sheathed cylinder containing microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement
•Covered by an extension of the cell membrane•10X thicker than prokaryotic flagella •Function in motility |
locomotor appendages: Flagella |
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•Similar in overall structure to flagella, but shorter and more numerous
•Found only on a single group of protozoa and certain animal cells •Function in motility, feeding, and filtering |
Locomotor appendages: Cilia
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–An outermost boundary that comes into direct contact with environment
–Usually composed of polysaccharides –Appears as a network of fibers, a slime layer or a capsule –Functions in adherence, protection, and signal reception |
glycocalyx |
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•Fungi and most algae have a thick, rigid cell wall •Protozoa, a few algae, and all animal cells lack a cell wall and have only a membrane |
–Beneath the glycocalyx
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–Rigid, provides structural support and shape–Fungi have thick inner layer of polysaccharide fibers composed of chitin or cellulose and a thin layer of mixed glycans
–Algae – varies in chemical composition; substances commonly found include cellulose, pectin, mannans, silicon dioxide, and calcium carbonate |
cell wall |
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–Typical bilayer of phospholipids and proteins–Sterols confer stability
–Serves as selectively permeable barrier in transport –Eukaryotic cells also contain membrane-bound organelles that account for 60-80% of their volume |
Cytoplasmic (cell) membrane
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–Compact sphere, most prominent organelle of eukaryotic cell
–Nuclear envelope composed of two parallel membranes separated by a narrow space and is perforated with pores –Contains chromosomes –Nucleolus – dark area for rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly |
nucleus |
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involves 2 nuclear divisions (w/ only 1 chromosome replication) |
meiosis |
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dark area for rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly
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Nucleolus
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- Meiosis involves 2 nuclear divisions (with only 1 chromosome replication).
- Meiosis typically produces 4 products (daughter nuclei) - Meiosis is a sexual reproductive process (not an asexual one). |
Meiosis – vs. Mitosis |
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- The second part of meiosis is a mitotic division. - Both are nuclear divisions accompanied by cytokinesis.
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Meiosis – vs. Mitosis
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rer and ser |
Endoplasmic reticulum – two types
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originates from the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope and extends in a continuous network through cytoplasm; rough due to ribosomes; proteins synthesized and shunted into the ER for packaging and transport; first step in secretory pathway
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
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closed tubular network without ribosomes; functions in nutrient processing, synthesis, and storage of lipids |
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
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–Modifies, stores, and packages proteins
–Consists of a stack of flattened sacs called cisternae |
Golgi apparatus
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stack of flattened sacs
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cisternae
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Transitional vesicles from the ER containing proteins go to the Golgi apparatus for modification and maturation
–Condensing vesicles transport proteins to organelles or secretory proteins to the outside |
Transport Processes
nucleus > RER > Golgi > vesicles >secretion |
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Vesicles containing enzymes that originate from Golgi apparatus
-Involved in intracellular digestion of food particles and in protection against invading microbes |
Lysosomes
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Membrane bound sacs containing particles to be digested, excreted, or stored
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Vacuoles
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vacuole merged with a lysosome
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Phagosome
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Function in energy production
–Consist of an outer membrane and an inner membrane with folds called cristae –Cristae hold the enzymes and electron carriers of aerobic respiration –Divide independently of cell –Contain DNA and prokaryotic ribosomes |
Mitochondria
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Convert the energy of sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis
–Found in algae and plant cells –Outer membrane covers inner membrane folded into sacs, thylakoids, stacked into grana–Primary producers of organic nutrients for other organisms |
Chloroplast
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Composed of rRNA and proteins
–Scattered in cytoplasm or associated with RER–Larger than prokaryotic ribosomes –Function in protein synthesis |
Ribosomes
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100,000 species divided into 2 groups
..........Majority are unicellular or colonial; a few have cellular specialization |
Kingdom fungi macro and micro |
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(mushrooms, puffballs, gill fungi)
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Macroscopic fungi |
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(molds, yeasts)
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microscopic fungi |
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Exist in two morphologies
yeast & Hyphae |
microscopic fungi |
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round ovoid shape, asexual reproduction |
yeast |
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long filamentous fungi or molds
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Hyphae
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some micro fungi can exist in either form yeast phase or hyphal phase |
dimorphic |
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microscopic fungi exist in two morphologies |
yeast hyphae |
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example of a dimorphic fungi |
Blastomyces dermatitidis
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•Heterotrophic
•Majority are harmless saprobes living off dead plants and animals •Some are parasites, living on the tissues of other organisms, but none are obligate –Mycoses – fungal infections |
fungi nutrition |
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fungal infections
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Mycoses
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Yeast – soft, uniform texture and appearance–Reproduce through an asexual process called budding
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fungal organization |
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mass of hyphae called mycelium; cottony, hairy, or velvety texture
–Hyphae may be divided by cross walls – septate–Vegetative hyphae – digest and absorb nutrients –Reproductive hyphae – produce spores for reproduction |
filamentous fungi |
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Hyphae may be divided by cross walls
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septate |
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digest and absorb nutrients
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Vegetative hyphae
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produce spores for reproduction
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reproductive hyphae |
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Primarily through spores formed on reproductive hyphae
•Asexual reproduction – spores are formed through budding or mitosis; conidia or sporangiospores |
fungal reproduction |
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spores are formed through budding or mitosis; conidia or sporangiospores
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Asexual reproduction |
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spores are formed following fusion of two different strains and formation of sexual structure–Zygospores, ascospores, and basidiospores
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fungal reproduction sexual reproduction |
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Sexual spores and spore-forming structures are one basis for classification |
fungal reproduction |
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Kingdom Eumycota is subdivided into several phyla based upon the type of sexual reproduction:
1.Phylum Zygomycota |
zygospores; mostly sporangiospores and some conidia |
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Kingdom Eumycota is subdivided into several phyla based upon the type of sexual reproduction:
Phylum Ascomycota |
fungal ascospores; conidia |
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Kingdom Eumycota is subdivided into several phyla based upon the type of sexual reproduction:
Phylum Basidiomycota |
fungal basidiospores; conidia |
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Kingdom Eumycota is subdivided into several phyla based upon the type of sexual reproduction:
Phylum Chytridomycota |
fungal flagellated spores |
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Kingdom Eumycota is subdivided into several phyla based upon the type of sexual reproduction:
Fungi that produce only Asexual Spores |
(Imperfect)
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Isolation on specific media
•Macroscopic and microscopic observation of: –Asexual spore-forming structures and spores–Hyphal type –Colony texture and pigmentation –Physiological characteristics –Genetic makeup |
fungal identification |
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–Mycoses, allergies, toxin production –Destruction of crops and food storages |
fungi adverse impact |
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–Decomposers of dead plants and animals–Sources of antibiotics, alcohol, organic acids, vitamins
–Used in making foods and in genetic studies |
fungi beneficial impact |
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This fungus has major economic impact and impact on world’s food supply – Corn is #3.
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corn smut |
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Ustilago maydis
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corn smut fungus |
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2 types of pathogens that cause fungal infections (mycoses):
• True pathogens – can infect healthy individuals. |
Blastomyces dermatiditis – NA Blastomycosis (not S Amer.)
Histoplasma capsulatum – NA Histoplasmosis (not African |
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2 types of pathogens that cause fungal infections (mycoses):
• Opportunistic pathogens |
attack those with comprised immune systems, other infections, or medical conditions (e.g. AIDS, cancer, diabetes) Candida albicans – thrush and vaginitis.
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the fly agaric
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Hallucinogenic Fungi
Amanita muscaria |
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Psilocybe mexicana
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Hallucinogenic Fungi
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heterotrophic, unicellular, colonial, yeast& hyphae
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fungi |
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photosynthetic, unicellular, colonial, multicellular
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algae |
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heterotrophic, unicellular, trophozoite & cyst
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Protozoa
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heterotrophic, multicellular
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Helminthes
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eukaryotic organisms, usually unicellular and colonial, that photosynthesize with chlorophyll a
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algae |
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- unicellular eukaryotes that lack tissues and share similarities in cell structure, nutrition, life cycle, and biochemistry
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Protozoa
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Photosynthetic organisms
•Microscopic forms are unicellular, colonial, filamentous/•Macroscopic forms are colonial and multicellular •Contain chloroplasts with chlorophyll and other pigments •Cell wall •May or may not have flagella |
algae |
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Most are free-living in fresh and marine water – plankton
•Provide basis of food web in most aquatic habitats •Produce large proportion of atmospheric O2•Dinoflagellates can cause red tides and give off toxins that cause food poisoning with neurological symptoms |
algae |
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can cause red tides and give off toxins that cause food poisoning with neurological symptoms
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Dinoflagellate
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free-living in fresh and marine water
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– plankton
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1. Photosynthesis – convert solar energy to chemical energy + make most of world’s O2 2. Form the base of the food web (chain); plankton 3. Help maintain CO2 balance in atmosphere. 4. Some form mutualistic symbiotic relationships with invertebrate animals such as corals & hydras. 5. Coralline reds with calcium carbonate important in coral reef formation.
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algae Ecological Roles - Beneficial Roles |
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a.Red tides – dinoflagellates – Gonyaulax B. other algal"blooms"c. Ciguatera – human condition of intoxication caused by the accumulation of dinoflagellate toxins in fish. d. Prototheca – skin & subdermal infections in humans and other animals. b. other algal “blooms”
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detrimental roles of algae |
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human condition of intoxication caused by the accumulation of dinoflagellate toxins in fish.
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Ciguatera
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skin & subdermal infections in humans and other animals.
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Prototheca
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Roles of Algae in Economics
used as abrasive and polish agents (e.g. dental industry) |
Fossilized marine diatoms (diatomaceous earth)
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source of agar and carrageenans (“Irish moss”) in ice cream
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red algae |
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Alginic acid is used to improve the texture of ice cream or chocolate milk
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brown algae |
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Used for food, especially in the orient; Porphyra – laver or nori in Japan
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red algae |
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Diverse group of 65,000 species
•Vary in shape, lack a cell wall •Most are unicellular; colonies are rare •Most are harmless, free-living in a moist habitat•Some are animal parasites and can be spread by insect vectors |
protozoa |
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•All are heterotrophic – lack chloroplasts
•Cytoplasm divided into ectoplasm and endoplasm •Feed by engulfing other microbes and organic matter |
protozoa |
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• Most have locomotorstructures – flagella, cilia, orpseudopods
• Exist as trophozoite – motilefeeding stage • Many can enter into adormant resting stage whenconditions are unfavorable forgrowth and feeding – cyst |
protozoa |
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• All reproduce asexually,mitosis or multiple fission;many also reproduce sexually– conjugation
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protozoa |
