Exam

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1. Psychological Disorder

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Abnormal behaviour patterns that involves a disturbance or psychological functioning or behaviour.

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1. Abnormal Psychology

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The Branch of psychology that deals with descriptions, causes, and treatment of abnormal behavioural patterns.

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1. psychopathology... hint 3

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the fields concerned with the nature and development of abnormal behaviour, thoughts or cognitions, and feelings or emotions.

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1. Abnormal Behaviour... hint 5

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statistical infrequency, violation of norms, personal distress, disability or dysfunction, or unexpectedness.

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9. Schizophrenia

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Psychotic disorder characterized by major disturbances in thought, emotion, and behaviour.

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9. Prevalence on Schizophrenia

(Finland (Perala et al., 2007))

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Lifetime prevalence of all psychotic disorders exceeds 3%

schizophrenia 0.87%

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9. A meta analysis of prevalance and incidence rates conducted by Canadian Researchers (Golfner, Hsu, Waraich, &Somers, 2002) concluded what

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there may be real variations in schizophrenia across geographical regions around the world.

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9. Greater Prevalence is found:

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those who immigrate to new countries

in countries with high latitude-->less sun light --> reduced Vitamin D

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9. schizophrenia appears earlier in :

can start in childhood, but usually:

most are treated where?

what is sometimes necessary?

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men

late adolescence or early adulthood

in the community

hospitalization

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9. Remission in schizophrenia is most frequently associated with... hint 4:

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milder initial symptoms, better premorbid functioning, earlier treatment response, and a shorter duration of untreated psychosis.

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9. Diagnosing Schizophrenia requires:

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there are no essential symptoms that must be present. people differ more than people with other disorders.

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9. Symptoms of schizophrenia - define

Positive symptoms:

Negative Symptoms:

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+ the presence on too much of a behaviour that is not apparent in most people.

- the absence of a behaviour that should be evident in most people.

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9. Schizophrenia. What are some positive symptoms?... hint 6

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excess or distortions, disorganized speech/ thought disorder, problems in organizing ideas and speaking, loose associations, delusions, hallucinations.

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9. Schizophrenia. What are some negative symptoms? ... hint 5

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Avolition - lack of energy

Alogia - Poverty of speech, amount of speech, poverty of content of speech

Anhedonia - Lack of interest in recreational activities. relationships with others, and sex

Flat Affect - A lack of emotional expressiveness

Asociality - Few friends, poor social skills, and little interest in being with others.

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9. What is the key to the diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia?

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the presence of prominent delusions.

delusions of persecution are most common

they are agitated, argumentative, angry and sometimes violent.

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9. Paranoid Schizophrenia

Define Grandiose Delusions:

Delusionsl Jealusy:

Ideas of Reference:

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- an exaggerated sense of their own importance, power, knowledge or identity.

- the substantiated belief that their partner is unfaithful.

- they incorporate unimportant events within a delusion framework and read personal significance onto the trivial activities or others.

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9. Dopamine Theory

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schizophrenia thought to be related to excess activity of dopamine

Theory was disproved

Researchers thought it could be excess or oversensitive dopamine receptors - related to mainly to positive symptoms

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9. Brain Abnormalities

brain scans in schizophrenia patients show abnormalities in both:

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physical structures and in brain functioning.

(loss of brain tissue/gray matter in the prefrontal cortex)

(brain circuitry connection the prefrontal cortex and lower brain structures ( including the limbic system involved in regulating emotions and memory))

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9. ___ rates of schizophrenia found in central city areas inhabited by people in the ____ socio-economic class.

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higher, lower

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9. Sociogenic Hypothesis:

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stressors associated with being in a low social class may cause of contribute to the development of schizophrenia.

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9. Social-selection Theory

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During the course of their developing psychosis, people with schizophrenia may drift into the poverty-ridden areas of the city. Can effect earnings so they cant afford to life elsewhere. or they move to areas with little social pressure.

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9. Communication Deviance (CD):

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Is a pattern of unclear, vague, disruptive, or fragmented communication that is often found among parents and family members of schizophrenia patients.

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9. Expressed Emotion (EE):

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is a pattern of responding to the schizophrenic family member in hostile, critical, and unsupportive ways.

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10. Personality Disorder:

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overly rigid and maladaptive patterns of behaviour and ways of relating to others that reflect extreme variations on underlying personality traits, such as undue suspiciousness, excessive emotionality, and impulsivity.

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10. Ego Synotic:

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referring to behaviours or feelings that are perceived as natural parts of the self.

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10. Ego Dystonic:

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referring to behaviours or feelings that are perceived not to be part of one's self identity.

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10. Personality Disorders Clusters DSM-5

Cluster A:

Cluster B:

Cluster C:

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A- paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

- oddness and avoidance of social contact (odd/eccentric behaviour)

B- Anti-social, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic

- Dramatic, emotional, or erratic. Extrapunitive and hostile.

C- Avoidant, dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive

- Fearful/ anxious behaviour

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10. Paranoid Personality Disorder:

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Cluster A

Characteristics: Suspicious of others, expect to be mistreated or exploited by others,reluctant to confide in others, tend to blame others, can be extremely jealous, occurs most frequently in men.

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10. Schizoid Personality Disorder:

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Cluster A

Characteristics: no desire for or enjoyment of social relationships. appear dull, bland, and aloof. rarely report strong emotions. have no interest in sex. experience few pleasurable activities. indifferent to praise and criticism. loners with solitary interests. slightly more common in men.

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10. Schizotypal Personality Disorder:

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Cluster A

characteristics: similar interpersonal difficulties of schizoid personality. eccentric thinking. Eccentric Behaviour and appearance. slightly more frequent in men.