Exam 5 - 522 - Elbarbry - Drug Dosage - Los

Front 1

Define drug.

Back 1

An agent intended for use in diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, cure or prevention of disease in man or other animals.

Front 2

Define dosage form.

Back 2

The types of preparations in which the drug is presented to the patient. It is a specific combination of drug (s) and excipient(s).

Front 3

Define excipients.

Back 3

Non drug substances included in formulations that perform specific roles (e.g. stability, taste, control release, etc.)

Front 4

Define dose.

Back 4

An amount of drug (proven to be effective and safe) administered at a time to the patient.

Front 5

Define dosage regimen.

Back 5

Drug + dose + dosage interval + length of therapy.
(e.g., Amoxicillin 500mg q8h 7/7)

Front 6

What is the rationale behind the need for dosage forms? (5 key points).

Back 6

1. provide safe and convenient means of administering an accurate dose of a drug
2. protect the drug against chemical decomposition from both external and internal environments
3. mask unpleasant odor or taste
4. ensure or control the release of drug into the body
5. formulation for the insertion of a drug into one of the body’s orifice.

Front 7

What three things are the different classes of dosage forms based on?

Back 7

Route of administration, physical nature, and the release rate.

Front 8

What are the classes of dosage form based on route of administration?

Back 8

Enteral, parenteral, and local.

Front 9

What are the classes of dosage form based on the physical nature of the drug?

Back 9

Solid, liquid, semisolid, and gas.

Front 10

What are the classes of dosage form based on the release rate?

Back 10

Conventional, fast, delayed, pulsatile, etc.

Front 11

What are the factors that affect the choice of the dosage form?

Back 11

The nature of the disease state, the
condition of the patient, the age of the patient, and the physicochemical properties of the drug.

Front 12

What are the advantages of oral administration?

Back 12

It is the safest, most economical and convenient administration, patient compliance is high, and there are a wide range of pH values for drug absorption in the GIT.

Front 13

What are the disadvantages of oral administration?

Back 13

There is a slow drug response, and the medications are subject to the first-pass effect, which reduces amount of drug that ultimately reaches the systemic circulation. It is also not suitable for drugs that are rapidly metabolized, acid labile, known to cause GIT irritation, or intended for a local effect (except GIT).

Front 14

What are the advantages of sublingual administration?

Back 14

It bypasses the first-pass effect, and there is a quick onset of action.

Front 15

What are the disadvantages of sublingual administration?

Back 15

Bad taste, and it only works for small doses.

Front 16

What are the advantages of rectal administration?

Back 16

It bypasses the first-pass effect and is useful in infants, elderly, and comatose patients

Front 17

What are the disadvantages of rectal administration?

Back 17

It is inconvenient, and absorption is irregular.

Front 18

What are the advantages of parenteral administration?

Back 18

It has rapid and predictable delivery, it bypasses the 1st pass effect. It is suitable for drugs that degrade or have a poor absorption in the GIT. It is also useful in infants, elderly,uncooperative, and comatose patients.

Front 19

What are the disadvantages of parenteral administration?

Back 19

It is more expensive, and can be dangerous (rapid onset of action). It also requires a trained person to administer.

Front 20

What are the advantages of pulmonary administration?

Back 20

It has a rapid local effect, and it bypasses the 1st pass effect.

Front 21

What are the disadvantages of pulmonary administration?

Back 21

It requires special equipment and good techniques.There is also variability in the drug amount reaching the alveoli.

Front 22

What are the advantages of topical administration?

Back 22

It is convenient and can be removed.

Front 23

What are the disadvantages of topical administration?

Back 23

It can be messy.

Front 24

What are the advantages of transdermal administration?

Back 24

It bypasses the first pass effect, and achieves long-term delivery of controlled release.

Front 25

What are the disadvantages of transdermal administration?

Back 25

It has slow absorption and delayed onset of action.

Front 26

What are the differences between syrups and elixirs?

Back 26

Syrups contain sugars and elixirs contain alcohols.

Front 27

What is the effect of sucrose concentrations on a syrup?

Back 27

A higher sucrose concentration provides self preservation for the syrup, and lower concentrations provide excellent media for microorganisms (you would have to add a preservative). Saturated sucrose solutions are undesirable because of the risk of crystallization with temperature changes.

Front 28

What is the effect of alcohol concentrations on an elixer?

Back 28

Alcohol concentration varies from 5 - 40% in elixers, but should remain low because salts have limited solubility in alcohol, and more concentrated alcohol solutions increase the taste of salt.

Front 29

What are the purposes of the emulsion dosage form?

Back 29

Stability: many drugs are more stable in emulsion form than aqueous form.
Taste: preparing the drug in emulsion form may mask its unpleasant taste.
Solubility: due to the limited aqueous solubility of some drugs, they can be solubilized in the oil phase of an emulsion.
Sustaining effect: e.g. some IM injections
Appearance: for oily materials intended for topical application

Front 30

What are the purposes of the suspension dosage form?

Back 30

Stability: degradation of a drug in suspension form occurs much more slowly than degradation in solution form.
Taste: preparing the drug in suspension form may mask its unpleasant taste.
Solubility: when suitable solvents are unavailable. (e.g. in ophthalmic preparation when only water can be used as a solvent to avoid corneal damage).
Sustaining effect compared to solution; longer duration of action.