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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How does adenylate kinase contribute to ATP levels?
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Adenylate Kinase: Phosphorylates 2ADP --> ATP + AMP
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How does creatine phosphokinase contribute to ATP levels?
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Found in muscles the most:
phosphocreatine + ADP --> creatine + ATP |
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How does anaerobic metabolism contribute to ATP levels?
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Faster than aerobic metabolism but not as efficient oxidation of glucose to pyruvate and lactate
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How does aerobic metabolism contribute to ATP levels?
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Complete oxidation of macromolecules (carbohydrates, fats, lipids) to CO2 and ATP
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Where does AMP kinase work and how does it work?
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Works in the liver, brain and muscle to:
i. Induce beta oxidation of fatty acids and induce glucose update ii. Inhibit fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis |
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How is cellular energy stores used up?
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1st - Blood glucose, glycogen stored in muscles and liver, fat stores, protein last.
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What happens if glucose levels are constantly too low?
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Sweating, trembling, lethargy, convulsions, coma, brain damage, death = Glucagon released
*i. Increased fatty acid oxidation, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis in liver ii.Lipopysis (mobization of fatty acids) in adipose tissue iii. Glycogenolysis in muscle |
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What happens if glucose levels are constantly too high?
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Hyperglycemia = insulin released
i. Impaired insulin secreation in Pancrease ii. Decreased glucose uptake and utilization in muscle iii. Increased glucose production in liver iv. Impaired fatty acid storage in adipose tissue v. Carbohydrate load in digestion 1. Glucose uptake, taffy acid byosynthesis, glycogen synthesis in liver 2. Glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis in muscle 3. Storage of fatty acids in triacylglycerides in adipose tissue |
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Describe epinephrine and its metobolic role. Outline what happens in the body if blood glucose levels rise or fall.
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Epinephrine: stress hormone from adreanal gland
i. liver: gluconeogenesis & glycogen breakdown = glucose ii. muscle: glycolysis = energy iii.adipocytes: fatty acid mobilization = energy for muscles |
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Describe chorisol and its metobolic role. Outline what happens in the body if blood glucose levels rise or fall.
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Cortisol: corticosteroid hormone – adrenal glands
i.liver: gluconeogenesis ii. muscle: breakdown of proteins, export of amino acids to liver iii. adipocytes: fatty acid mobilization |
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Describe glucagon on its metabolic role. Outline what happens in the body if blood glucose levels fall or rise.
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Glucagon: (time of need) – catabolic enzyme – mediated by cAMP cascad
liver: glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis adipocytes: fatty acid mobilization |
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Describe insulin on its metabolic role. Outline what happens in the body if blood glucose levels fall or rise.
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Insulin (time of plenty) – major anabolic hormone. Stim. Biosynth react.
liver: increased glycogen synthesis and fatty acid synthesis, decreased gluconeogenesis, fatty acid degradation Muscle: glycogen synthesis Adipocytes: fatty acid storage |
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What metabolic pathways occur in the liver?
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i.glucose uptake
ii. fatty acid biosynthesis iii. fatty acid oxidation iv. glycogen synthesis v. gluconeogenesis vi. glycogenolysis |
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What metabolic pathways occur in the skeletal muscle?
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i. glucose uptake
ii. glycogen synthesis iii. glycogenolysis iv. Cori cycle is used to transport lactic acid from the muscles to the liver where it can be recycled. v. Glucose-alanine cycle – protein degredation in the muscle produces NH3. Alanine transports nitrogen from the muscle to the liver. |
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What metabolic pathways occur in the heart muscle?
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NONE
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What metabolic pathways occur in the brain?
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NONE
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What metabolic pathways occur in the adipose tissue?
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i. storage of fatty acids in triacylglycerols
ii. lipopysis (mobilization of fatty acids |
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Understand the effect of insulin on liver and adipose triacylglycerol metabolism and how thiazolidinediones (glitazones) act.
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Insulin increases glucose production in the liver, while THZ decrease it.
Insulin impairs fatty acid storage; THZ increases this |
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Understand how the different diabetes drugs act, but do not memorize them
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a. Increase insulin secreation in pancreas
b. Inhibit carbohydrate update in intestines c. Increase fatty acid storage in adiposities d. Decrease glucose production in liver e. Increase glucose uptake and utilization in muscle |
