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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is personality? |
-Patterns in: -Way of thinking, feeling, behaving, relating -Way of looking at: *Others *Self *World -Seen across many situations -We all have a personality! |
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What is a personality DISORDER? |
"An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to distress* or impairment" |
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DSM definition of personality disorder |
- Stable (2+ years) pattern in 2+ areas: *Cognition *Emotion *Interpersonal functioning *Impulse control - Causes distress for person AND/OR others - Across situations |
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DSM picture of personality disorders |
- 10 specific personality disorders (PDs); 3 "Clusters": *Cluster A: Odd/eccentric *Cluster B: Dramatic/emotional/erratic *Cluster C: Anxious/fearful |
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DSM picture of personality disorders: Facts and Stats |
- Any PD: ~ 9% - 15% (US); ~ 6% worldwide (so varied, different across culture) *Likely t be diagnosed with 1+ PD - General lack of knowledge |
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Cluster A Disorders: Odd/ eccentric |
-Paranoid PD - Schizoid PD - Schizotypal PD |
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Cluster A Disorders: Paranoid PD - Clinical Picture |
- Mistrust & suspicion *Unjustified - Readily perceives threat - Holds grudges - Preoccupied with loyalty (doubts) - Reluctant to confide - Critical, argumentative (Disrupts relationships-- hard to hold relationships) "The neighbors let their dog bark on purpose just to annoy me" |
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Cluster A Disorders: Schizoid PD - Clinical Picture |
- Detachment from social relationships - Limited range of emotions - No unusual thoughts - Related to autism spectrum? (social impairments similar) - Social impairment > Paranoid PD (Known as loaners, have a hard time forming relationships) "I prefer to observe rather than participate in the world around me" |
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Cluster A Disorder: Schizotypal PD - Clinical Picture |
- Social deficits *Social anxiety, paranoia -"Psychotic-like" symptoms: *Ideas of reference (personalizing meaningless events) *e.g., people on the bus are talking about me *Magical thinking (odd beliefs) *e.g., belief in paranormal; religious themses *Illusions (perceptual disturbances) *e.g., feeling someone's presence |
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Cluster A Disorder: Schizotypal PD - Clinical Picture (CONTINUED) |
- Odd/ eccentric appearance - Limited emotional expression - Small number develop schizophernia *"Schizophernia spectrum" - Many have depression - Chronic course |
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Cluster B Disorders: Dramatic/emotional/erratic
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- Antisocial Personality Disorder - Borderline Personality Disorder - Histrionic Personality Disorder |
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Cluster B Disorders: Antisocial PD - Clinical picture |
- Violation of the rights of others *Noncompliance with social norms (esp. laws) *Deceitfulness (e.g., lying, conning) *Impassivity (esp. Planning) *Aggressiveness (e.g., fighting) *Disregard for safety of self or others *Irresponsibility (e.g., work, financial) *Lack of remorse (low empathy, rationalizing) - Childhood history of conduct disorder (< age 15) *ADHD increases vulnerability -Overlap with substance use (~60%) - Poor outcome (death, incarceration) (Most research done with people in the criminal system) |
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Psychopathy vs. Sociopathy vs. Antisocial PD |
- Psychopathy (or sociopath) --> not a DSM diagnosis - "Psychopathic Personality" --> predated DSM diagnosis * 16 major characteristics (most were personality traits) *E.g., grandiosity, manipulative - 20-item Psychopathy Checklist (expands the above) *Manipulative *Lack of remorse *Glibness/superfical charm *G |
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Psychopathy vs. Antisocial PD |
Psychopathy: * Symtom checklist * Focus on PERSONALITY *E.g., manipualitve * May not display behaviors listed in DSM Antisocial PD: *DSM criteria * Focus on BEHAVIOR * Observable behaviors --> clinicians can agree |
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Psychopathy vs. Antisocial PD Symptoms |
Get online |
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Cluster B Disorders: Borderline PD - Clinical picture
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- Impulsivity and dysregulation in: *Emotions: unstablilty *Relationships: unstable relationships * Self-image: may not have a good sense of who they are - never feel like they fit in - Fear of abandonment - Feelings of emptiness |
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Cluster B Disorders: Borderline PD - Clinical picture Continued
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- Mood disorders, eating disorders, substance use - Self-harm (~75%) - Suicidality (~ 75% attempt; 10% die by suicide) |
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Cluster B Disorders: Histrionic PD - Clinical picture
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- Emotionality *Exaggerated, superficial, suggestible - Attention-seeking * Theatrical, high intimacy needs - Provocative behavior *Physical appearance (actual bs, gender specific) - Impulsivity - Social impairment |
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Cluster B Disorders: Narcissistic - Clinical picture
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- Grandiosity *Arrogance, exploitation, entitlement - Need for attention & admiration - Lack of empathy *Envious of others; perceive envy - Vulnerable to real or perceived threats to status * Sensitive to criticism or failure - Low self-esteem, depression |
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Cluster C Disorders: Anxious/fearful
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- Avoidant Personality Disorder - Dependent Personality Disorder - Obsessive- Compulsive Personality Disorder |
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Cluster C Disorders: Avoidant Personality Disorder - Clinical Picture
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- Interpersonally/socially anxious *Belief that one is socially inept * Rejection-focused, hypersensitivity * Seek acceptance - Avoid most relationships (but desire them) - Comorbid with social anxiety disorder - Depression, low self-esteem (Detached on the outside, engaged on inside) |
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Cluster C Disorders: Dependent PD - Clinical Picture
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- Socially anxious too! * High need for reassurance inadequacy * Focused on inadequancy, criticism - Unlike Avoidant PD, over-rely on others * Fear of abandonment, "clingy" * Highly agreeable (avoid rejection), submissive, passive - Low self-esteem, self-doubt - Depression and anxiety-related disorders |
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Cluster C Disorders: Obsessive-Compulsive (Perfectionism) PD - Clinical Picture
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- Perfectionistic, rigid * Controlling, doing things the "right way" * Fail to complete tasks - Obsessions and compulsions are RARE - Low affection, high anger - Impaired work and relationship domains - Depression, anxiety (& related physical disorders) |
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Personality Disorders Facts and Stats:
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- Prevalence of any PD: 9-15%
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Personality Disorders Facts and Stats: Cluster A
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In general: 2% Paranoid: ~ 2% Schizoid: ~ 0.5% Schizotypal: ~ 0.5% |
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Personality Disorders Facts and Stats: Cluster B
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In general: 6% (Most common) Antisocial: ~ 4% Borderline: ~ 3% Narcissistic: ~ 1% Histrionic: <.5% |
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Personality Disorders Facts and Stats: Cluster C
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In general: 2% Obsessive-Compulsive: ~ 2% Avoidant: ~ 1% Dependent: < .5% |
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Personality Disorders Facts and Stats: Course
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- Stable EXCEPT borderline and antisocial PD * Those get better over time |
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Personality Disorders: Impact of culture
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- Cluster A: men > women - Cluster B: depends on dx * Antisocial & narcissistic: men > women * Borderline and histrionic: women > men - Cluster C: women > men |
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Personality Disorders: Impact of culture contin.
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- Culture should always be considered! * Religious/spiritual norms (esp. in cluster A) * Gender norms (esp. in cluster B) * Relationship norms (all clusters) |
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Causes of Personality Disorders: Risk Factors -Cluster A - Biological
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Biological (think of psychotic disorders) *Heritability: low * Neurobiological: cognitive and perceptual distortions (dopamine) *Temperament: shy, restricted emotion |
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Causes of Personality Disorders: Risk Factors -Cluster A - Psychological
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- Cognitive: Distrust, suspicion, autonomy - Learning: danger |
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Causes of Personality Disorders: Risk Factors -Cluster A - Sociocultural
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- Family: abuse (esp. neglect), emotional withdrawal (esp. early in life)
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Causes of Personality Disorders: Risk Factors -Cluster B - Biological
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Biological (think of mood disorders) *Heritability: moderate *Neurobiological: impulsivity (serotonin, prefrontal cortex), emotionality (limbic system) *Temperament: impulsive, aggressive |
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Causes of Personality Disorders: Risk Factors -Cluster B - Psychological
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- Cognitive: rigidity (gratification), deception beliefs - Learning: emotional invalidation, reinforcement of extreme actions/emotions |
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Causes of Personality Disorders: Risk Factors -Cluster B - Sociocultural
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Family: abuse, poor bonding, inconsistent caregiving
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Causes of Personality Disorders: Risk Factors -Cluster C - Biologically
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Biological (think of anxiety disorders) *Heritability: moderate *Neurobiological: fear, anxiety (GABA) *Temperament: anxious, introverted, inhibited |
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Causes of Personality Disorders: Risk Factors -Cluster C - Psychologically
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- Cognitive: harm anticipation, negative filter - Learning: Experiences of rejection, embarrassment |
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Causes of Personality Disorders: Risk Factors -Cluster C - Sociocultural
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Family: abuse, conflict, rejection
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Substance Use Disorders: What is a substance use disorder? |
- Many people use substances *What is a psychoactive substance? *What is substance USE? - someway of intaking substance into body * What is INTOXICATION? - Any impact or feel affect of the substance |
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Understanding Substance Use Disorders: Substance dependence: "addiction" |
- Substance dependence: "addiction" *PHYSICAL dependence: tolerance, withdrawal *PSYCHOLOGICAL dependence: perceived need |
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Understanding Substance Use Disorders: Diagnosing substance use disorders |
- Diagnosing substance use disorders *Old DSM: Substance Abuse, Substance Dependence *Current DSM: Substance Use Disorder -Problems associated with repeated use: *Impaired control (cravings, cutting back, increased use, time); * Social impairment; (3) Risky use; (4) Tolerance, withdrawal - Categorized by substance (e.g., alcohol use disorder, etc) ---> Severity rating (mild, moderate, severe) - based on # of symptoms |
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How common are substance use disorders? |
- ANY substance use disorder: 15% (U.S) * Highest: alcohol - Demographic factors: * Men > Women * Age 18-25: highest rate ---> Same patterns generally true for "use" - Only ~ 20% sought treatment in the past year! |
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Substance Use Disorders: Cultural Frame |
Ted Talk |
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F & S: Comorbidity of Substance Use Disorders |
- Lots! * Especially anxiety-related, mood, & personality disorders * Related to severe stress - Causality? * Impulsivity - common risk factor * Other disorders are stressful --> substance use |
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Causes of Substance - Related Disorders (Risk Factors): Genetic Risk Factors |
- Heritablity ~ 0.50 - Most genetic data are from ALCOHOL disorders * Metabolism, sensitivity, drug-specific receptors |
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Causes of Substance - Related Disorders (Risk Factors): Genetic Risk Factors- Neurobiological Risk FROM VIDEO |
- Drugs are damaging the parts of our brain that help exert self - control -- like a car with no brakes. You want to stop, but how can you? |
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Causes of Substance - Related Disorders (Risk Factors): Genetic Risk Factors- Neurobiological |
- Mesolimbic pathway (dopaminergic) * Links parts of brain to reinforce learning and memory of drug use (pleasure/rewar, desire) * Activation by drug AND cues (and stress!) - Reward deficiency syndrome (fewer receptors) |
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Causes of Substance - Related Disorders (Risk Factors): Psychobiological - Personality |
- Impulsitivity * Risk taking, gratification * Response to stress, threat - Anxious/depressed personality features? * Children high in ANXIETY and novelty seeking (desire to new experience) * Substances in adolescence --> more likely to turn to substances |
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Causes of Substance - Related Disorders (Risk Factors): Psychobiological - Learning |
- Positive & negative reinforcement (operant) * coping with stress & other emotions - Classical conditioning * Cues for use - e.g., sunshine (alcohol) - Modeling * Family, peers |
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Causes of Substance - Related Disorders (Risk Factors): Psychobiological - Cognitions |
- Expectancies * Overstate positives, minimize negatives - Perception of social norms * E.g., "everyone is drinking a lot" |
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Causes of Substance - Related Disorders (Risk Factors): Sociocultural |
-What is increasing access? * Media glamorizing use * Peers pressuring/offering access * Family with "permissive" attitudes * Cultural values about harm |
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Treatment of Substance Use Disorders |
-Treatment is DIFFICULT (motivation is key) - Prevention efforts are very important! *Government-level regulations * Individual level prevention |
