Psy3032 - Abnormal Psychology Week 13 Substance Use Disorders

Front 1

Substance Use Dsorders is a term used in which DSM?

Back 1

DSM-5

Front 2

In what two categories do pathological uses of substances fall into in the DSM-IV-TR?

Back 2

Substance Abuse & Substance Dependence

Front 3

What is the main change regarding substances in the DSM-5?

Back 3

Substance Abuse & Substance Dependence are being combined into one category called Substance Use Disorder

Front 4

What are the three main reasons substance abuse and dependance are being combined into one category in the DSM-5?

Back 4

1. Reliability of substance abuse category is poor;
2. Most people who meet abuse criteria go on to develop dependence;
3. Analysis of the disorders shows that they represent one disorder and not two

Front 5

Worldwide prevalence of tobacco, alcohol & illicit drugs?

Back 5

tobacco 4.1%;
alcohol 4%;
Illicit drugs 0.8%

Front 6

What term refers to having more symptoms, tolerence and withdrawal by using more of the substance than intendedm by trying to unsuccessfully stop, by having physiological or psychological problems made worse by the drug, and by experienceing problems at work or with friends?

Back 6

addiction or dependence

Front 7

Tolerence is indicated by what two factors?

Back 7

1. larger doses of the substance being needed to produce the desired effects, and

2. the effects of the drug become markedly less if the usual amount is taken

Front 8

What term is used to refer to the negative physical and psychological effects that develop when the perosn stops taking the substance or reduces the amount?

Back 8

withdrawal

Front 9

What are the six most abused substances?

Back 9

tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, opiates, stimulants, and hallucinogens

Front 10

What are some affects that abrupt withdrawal from alcohol can produce?

Back 10

CNS excitability resulting in seizures, anxiety, depression, insomnia, muscles tremors in fingers, face, eyelids, lips and tongue, and blood pressure, pulse, and temperature may be elevated

Front 11

What does DT stand for?

Back 11

Delirium Tremens

Front 12

What are the symptoms of DT?

Back 12

profound confusion, delusional state, agitation, fluctuating consciousness, hallucinations & motor and autonomic dysfunction

Front 13

What percentage of people who abuse alcohol are also smokers?

Back 13

80 to 85%

Front 14

What is meant by the term 'nicotine and alcohol are cross-tolerent'.

Back 14

nicotine can induce tolerence for the rewarding effects of alcohol and vice versa, that is, the consumption of both drugs may be increased to maintain their rewarding effects

Front 15

What does EtOH represent?

Back 15

ethanol

Front 16

What is meant by the inverted U effect of alcohol?

Back 16

in low doses it acts as a stimulant, in high doses is acts as a depressant

Front 17

What is meant by 'rarely are dosage effects linear'?

Back 17

effects are differentially related to dosage

Front 18

Is alcohol classed as a CNS depressent or a stimulant?

Back 18

a CNS depressant, however in small doses it acts like a stimulant

Front 19

Is the rate of alcohol metabolism by the liver constant or variable?

Back 19

constant

Front 20

At what rate does the liver metabolise alcohol?

Back 20

1 ounce of 100-proof (50 % alcohol) liquor per hour

Front 21

Quantities of alcohol in excess of the rate that can metabolised by the liver are stored in which part of the body?

Back 21

the blood stream

Front 22

Why might woman and men differ in their blood alcohol concentration after adjusting for differences in body wight?

Back 22

they have different levels of body water content

Front 23

What parts of the body metabolise alcohol?

Back 23

enzymes in mouth and stomach, and the liver

Front 24

What are the main behavioural affects of alcohol where BAC is between 0.05 and 0.09%?

Back 24

1. a mix of stimulant and dpressive effects,
2. disinhibition - can be relaxed and euphoric, or withdrawn or aggressive,
3. Expectancy effects,
4. increased talkativeness and socialability,
5. decreased judgement, attention, control, and information processing

Front 25

What syndrome resulting from a deficiency in B-complex vitamins is found in older people who have chronically abused alcohol?

Back 25

amnesic syndrome

Front 26

What is amnesic syndrome?

Back 26

the severe loss of memory for both recent and past events which may result in confabulation

Front 27

What causes cirrhosis of the liver?

Back 27

liver cells become engorged with fat and protein which impede their function, and cause cells to die which triggers an infalmmatory response, when scar tissue develops the blood flow is obstructed

Front 28

What causes redness in the face, especially the nose, in people who abuse alcohol?

Back 28

capillery hemorrhages as a result of alcohol damage

Front 29

What is the leading known cause of intellectual development disorder among children?

Back 29

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

Front 30

What are the effects of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

Back 30

slowed fetal growth, cranial, facial and limb anomalies, and impairments in learning and memory

Front 31

What has been shown to mitigate impairments in learning and memory in children with fetal alcohol syndrome?

Back 31

being raised in a stable and healthy environment

Front 32

What is one standard tool for alcohol screening?

Back 32

CAGE

Front 33

The chronic use of alcohol affects what organs and tissues in the body?

Back 33

all of them

Front 34

What is the brain disorder, resulting from chronic alcohol abuse, where the a loss of specific brain functions is caused by a thiamine deficiency?

Back 34

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

Front 35

What are the two separate sets of symtoms in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

Back 35

1. Wernicke's encephalopahty - damage to multiple nerves in both the central and peripheral nervous system; and
2. Korsakoff syndrome - impairment of memory out of proportion to problems with other cognitive functions due to damage to areas of the brain involved with memory

Front 36

Cigarette smoking can both exacerbate alcohol-induced damage as well as what?

Back 36

independantly cause brain damage

Front 37

Are myelineated neurons white or grey matter?

Back 37

white matter

Front 38

Excessive consumption of alcohol leads to damage of myelinated neurons and causes what?

Back 38

brain shrinkage

Front 39

What does BAC stand for?

Back 39

Blood Alcohol Concentration

Front 40

What factors determine BAC?

Back 40

concentration of EtOH, rate of drinking, presence of food in the stomach, weight, body fat, age, and liver efficiency

Front 41

When does BAC usually peak?

Back 41

30 to 90 minutes after consumption

Front 42

What is a common myth about metabolising alcohol?

Back 42

that it can be sped up

Front 43

What is a low to moderate dose of alcohol?

Back 43

1 to 3 drinks per hour

Front 44

What is a moderate to high dose of alcohol?

Back 44

more than 3 drinks per hour

Front 45

What are the physiological effects of low to moderate doses of alcohol?

Back 45

increased HR, urination and sleepiness, and decreased body temperature, muscular coordination, and reaction time

Front 46

What are the physiological effects of moderate to high doses of alcohol where BAC is more that 0.15%?

Back 46

disorientation, confusion, slurred speech, blurred vision, poor muscle control, nausea and vomiting, decreased testosterone, stupor, sleep, coma, death

Front 47

What are the 7 criteria for substance dependance in the DSM-IV-TR?

Back 47

1. Evidence of tolerance;
2. Evidence of withdrawal;
3. Larger amounts of substance taken over a longer periods of time than intended;
4. Persistent desire or one or more unsuccessful attempts to cut down;
5. Much time spent in acquiring, taking, or recovering from the effects of the drug;
6. Other important life activites given up as a result of the substance;
7. Persistent use despite social, psychological or physical problems

Front 48

What are the three classes of drugs?

Back 48

depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens

Front 49

What are three common CNS depressants?

Back 49

alcohol, benzodiazepines, and opiates

Front 50

What are four common CND stimulants?

Back 50

cocaine, amphetamine, nicotine, and caffeine

Front 51

What are four comon hallucinogens?

Back 51

LSD, PCP, ectasy, and cannabis

Front 52

What is the difference between pharmacology and psychopharmacology?

Back 52

pharmacology is the action of drugs in a living system, and psychopharmacology is the action of drugs on the CNS

Front 53

The number of harmful users of drugs is disproportionate to the number of people receiving what?

Back 53

treatment

Front 54

How are people typically exposed to drugs?

Back 54

through social processes

Front 55

Describe the 6 steps to becoming a drug user?

Back 55

1. Positive attitude towards drugs usually shaped by thte environment;
2. Rewarding effects of drugs reinforcement by developing expectancies;
3. Experimentation;
4. Regular use;
5. Heavy use;
6. Physical dependence of drug

Front 56

What is the most predictive factor imapcting the developing of a substance use problem?

Back 56

socio-cultural variables

Front 57

People interest in and access to drugs are influenced by what 5 socio-cultural factors?

Back 57

peers, parents, media, cultural norms, and availability

Front 58

Do men or woman consume more alcohol?

Back 58

men

Front 59

What does a lack of parental monitoring lead to?

Back 59

increased association with drug-abusing peers and subsequent higher use of drugs

Front 60

Your preconsumption psychological state can impact what when consuming a substance?

Back 60

the effects

Front 61

What difference in genetic and environemnt risk factors have been found between types of drugs?

Back 61

none. The genetic and shared environment risk factors tend to be the same.

Front 62

The ability to tolerate large quanities of alcohol may be what?

Back 62

inherited

Front 63

A deficiency in which inherited enzyme may lead to a reduced tolerence for alcohol?

Back 63

ADH (alcohol dehydrogenases)

Front 64

Nearly all drugs stimulate what in the brain?

Back 64

dopamine systems

Front 65

Some evidence shows that people dependant on drugs or alcohol have a deficiency in which type of receptor?

Back 65

dopmaine receptor DRD2

Front 66

Drugs not only enhance positive mood, but they can also diminish what?

Back 66

negative mood

Front 67

According to the incentive-sensitisation neurobiological theory the dopamine system becomes sensitive to not just the direct effect of drugs but also what?

Back 67

the cues associated with drugs

Front 68

Brain imaging studies have show that cues for a drug activate what?

Back 68

the reward and pelasure areas of the brain implicated by the drug use

Front 69

What is the main psychological motive for using drugs?

Back 69

to alter mood

Front 70

What has been found to reduce aggressive behaviour in people who are intoxicated?

Back 70

cognitive distraction

Front 71

People who expect alcohol to reduce stress and anxiety are likely to be what sort of users?

Back 71

frequent users

Front 72

What are the two types of expectancies?

Back 72

positive and negative

Front 73

The belief that a drug will stimulate aggression and increase sexual responsiveness predicts what?

Back 73

increased drug use

Front 74

What does low constraint and high negative emotionality predict?

Back 74

the onset in alcohol, nicotine and illcit drug use for both men and woman

Front 75

Peer behaviour is divided into what two contructs?

Back 75

Peer influence and peer selection

Front 76

Nocotine media campaigns were generally directed at which age group?

Back 76

adoelscents

Front 77

Which cultural group have no record of traditional drug use?

Back 77

inuit eskimos

Front 78

What effect does alcohol have on GABA, serotonin, dopamine and glutamate recpetors?

Back 78

stimulates GABA reducing tension,
stimulate serotonin & dopamine increasing pleaurable effects, and
inhibits glutamate which may cause cognitive effects such as slowed thinking and memory loss

Front 79

How does alcohol consumption contribute to malnutrition?

Back 79

it impairs the digestion of food and the absorption of vitamins

Front 80

According to the biopsychosocial model drug effects are an interaction of what three factors?

Back 80

the substance, the user, and the context

Front 81

Which drug has no therapeutic applications in medicine?

Back 81

nicotine

Front 82

One in how many people who try smoking will eventually die of a smoking-related illness?

Back 82

1 in 6

Front 83

The pharmacological and behavioural process that result in addiction are similair for nicotine and what two other drugs?

Back 83

heroin and cocaine

Front 84

Withdrawal from nicotine is characterised by what non-life threatening symptoms?

Back 84

severe craving fro nicotine, irritability, anxiety, anger, difficulty in concentrating, restlessness, impatience, increased appetite, weight gain , and insomnia

Front 85

Nicotine stumulates which neurons?

Back 85

dopamine

Front 86

Smoking is the leading preventable cause of what?

Back 86

death, illness and disability

Front 87

What are the three most harmful components in the smoke from burning tobacco?

Back 87

nicotine, carbon monoxide, and tar

Front 88

Which type of cigarettes are found to be more harmful and why?

Back 88

menthol because people it more deeply and hold it in their lungs for longer periods

Front 89

Babies of woman exposed to secondhand smoke during pregnancy are more likely to be what?

Back 89

born prematurely, and have lower birth weights and birth defects

Front 90

What has been found to be a risk factor for SIDS?

Back 90

secondhand smoke

Front 91

Children of smokers are more likely to have what more often than children of nonsmokers?

Back 91

upper respiratory infections, asthma, bronchitis, and inner-ear infections

Front 92

How is hashish produced?

Back 92

by removing and drying the resin exudate of the tops of the cannabis plants

Front 93

What are comon nicotine replacements?

Back 93

nicotine gum, transdermal nicotine patches, nicotine nasal sprays and inhalers

Front 94

What is the most effective treatment forsmoking cessation?

Back 94

a combination of drug therapy and counselling

Front 95

What are three types of dependance counselling that are particularly effective in smoking cessation?

Back 95

practical counselling, social support as part of treatment, and social support arranged outside of treatment

Front 96

The use of marijuana in adolescents is associated with poorer achievement and psychosocial problems although these factors do not appear to be what?

Back 96

causal

Front 97

How long does it take for the effects of marijuana to appear?

Back 97

up to half an hour

Front 98

What is the major psycoactive ingredient of marijuana?

Back 98

THC - delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol

Front 99

The THC conent of marijuana ranges between what?

Back 99

0 to 30%

Front 100

What changes in IQ were found in regular users aged 17 to 23?

Back 100

4 point drop

Front 101

What are the main behavioural effects of marijuana?

Back 101

feelings of well-being, mild euphoria, relaxed inhibitions, impaired attention and ST memory, altered senory awareness, motor control, and posture

Front 102

Is there strong evidence that marijuana impairs learning and memory in the long term?

Back 102

no

Front 103

How is marijuana linked to schizophrenia?

Back 103

it is an environmental factor that can influence phenotype expression in predisposed individuals

Front 104

What are some of the short term physical effects of marijuana?

Back 104

blood shot and itchy eyes, dry mouth and throat, increased appetite, reduced pressure within the eye, and somehwat raised blood pressure.

Front 105

Long-term use of marijuana seriously impairs the strucure and function of which organ?

Back 105

the lungs

Front 106

One marijuana cigarette smoked in the typical way is equivalent to what?

Back 106

five tabacco cigarettes in carbon monoxide, four in tar intake, and ten in terms of damage to cells lining the airways

Front 107

What are the two canniboid receptors in the brain?

Back 107

CB1 and CB2

Front 108

CB1 cannaboid receptor are found in highest number in what part of the brain?

Back 108

hippocampus

Front 109

What changes in blood flow in the brain were found in people smoking marihjuana?

Back 109

increased flow in the amygdala and anterior cingulate, and decreased flow in regions of temporal lobe associated with auditory attention.

Front 110

Marijuana can reduce the nausea and loss of appetite associated with what?

Back 110

chemotherapy

Front 111

Marijuana is an effective treatment for the discomfort associated with which 5 medical conditions?

Back 111

AIDS, glaucoma, chronic pain, muscle spasms, and seizures

Front 112

What are some of the clinical uses of opioids?

Back 112

analgesia, anit-tussive, slows bowel, and anxiolitic

Front 113

What affect do opiates have on the CNS?

Back 113

depressive

Front 114

Opiates or Opioids are considered what?

Back 114

sedatives

Front 115

What are some derivatives of opiates?

Back 115

morphine, heroin, and codeine

Front 116

How is heroin ingested?

Back 116

injected, smoked, snorted or taken orally

Front 117

What opiates are legally prescribed pain medications that have become drugs of abuse?

Back 117

hydrocodone & oxycodone

Front 118

What effects do opiates have on the gastrointestinal system?

Back 118

constipation

Front 119

When does withdrawal from heroin typically begin?

Back 119

within 8 hours of last injection

Front 120

When do users of herion experience the peak?

Back 120

20 to 45 minutes after injection

Front 121

How do opiates produce their effects?

Back 121

by stimulating the bodies naturally producing opoids endorphins and enkephalins

Front 122

What are the typical withdrawal symptoms associated with opiates?

Back 122

tremors, panis, chills, sweating, cramps, nausea, watery eyes & nose, yawning

Front 123

An overdose of opiates causes what?

Back 123

cardiac arrest

Front 124

What are the behavioural effects of Opiates?

Back 124

euphoria, analgesia, sedation without being hypnotic

Front 125

How long do symptoms of withdrawal persist when coming off opiates?

Back 125

72 hours and then diminish gradually over a 5 to 10 day period

Front 126

What are the two main types of pharmacological treatments for heroin abuse?

Back 126

heroin substitutes (opiate agonists) and opiate antagonists

Front 127

What effect do agonists and antagonists have on neurotransmitters?

Back 127

agonists stimulate the neurotransmitters and antagonists dampens the acitivty of the neurotransmitters

Front 128

What three drugs are heroin substitutes?

Back 128

methadone, levomethadyl acetate, and bupreophine

Front 129

What is the main problem with heroin substitutes?

Back 129

the are cross-dependant with heroin, they become a substitute for the dependancy but the dependancy is maintained.

Front 130

What are the two types of opiate antagonists?

Back 130

naloxone and naltrexone

Front 131

When is naloxone typically adminstered?

Back 131

when someone has overdosed on opiates

Front 132

What must happen before a person can be adminstered naltrexone?

Back 132

the person must be first weaned off heroin

Front 133

What effect does naltrexone have?

Back 133

prevents the person from experiencing any high should they later take heroin

Front 134

What factors can increase both clinical effectiveness and treatment compliance of people taking naltrexone?

Back 134

adding a contingency management component to treatment such as a voucher system for attendance and clear urine samples

Front 135

Why do many people drop out of methodone programs?

Back 135

because of side effects such as insomnia, constipation, excessive sweating, and diminshed sexual functioning

Front 136

What effect do stimulants have on the CNS?

Back 136

increase levels of dopamine - cocaine inhibits reuptake, ampetamines increase release, and ecstasy increases both dopamine and serotonin

Front 137

What are some of the behavioural effects of cocaine?

Back 137

increases well-being, confidence, sexual desire, and indefatiguability

Front 138

What can chronic use of cocaine lead to?

Back 138

heightened irritability, impaired social relationships, paranoid thinking, and disturbance in eating and sleeping

Front 139

Can users develop a tolerance to cocaine?

Back 139

yes

Front 140

Which stimulant is a vasconstrictor, potent local anaesthetic, and psychomotor stimulant?

Back 140

cocaine

Front 141

Large doses of amphetamines can cause what symptoms?

Back 141

nervousness, agitation, confusion, heart palpitations, headaches, dizziness, and sleeplessness

Front 142

Sometime heavy users of amphetamines become what?

Back 142

extremely suspicious and hostile

Front 143

Can amphetamines cause compulsive drug seeking behaviour?

Back 143

yes

Front 144

Which drug is the most harzardous drug of abuse?

Back 144

methamphetamines

Front 145

In a clear crystal form methamphetamine is commonly known as what?

Back 145

crystal meth or ice

Front 146

Cravings for methamphetamine are strong and can last for how long after the drug is discontinued?

Back 146

several years

Front 147

What is the half life of methamphetamine?

Back 147

greater than 12 hours

Front 148

Chronic use of methamphetamine causes what?

Back 148

brain damage affecting the dopamine and serontonin systems, and hippocampus shrinkage.

Front 149

Use of methamphetamine is associated with what?

Back 149

violence, psychosis, and personality changes

Front 150

Methamphetamine causes a reduction in dopamine reuptake to to levels found in what neurological disease?

Back 150

parkinsons

Front 151

What are the initial effects of amphetamines?

Back 151

increased alertness, energy, euphoria, insomnia, and decreased appetite

Front 152

What are the subsequent effects of amphetamines after the initial effects wear off?

Back 152

hallucinations, psychosis, and violence

Front 153

What are the withdrawal effects of amphetamines?

Back 153

hypersomnia, increased appetite, apathy, lethargy, fatigue, depressed mood, and irritability

Front 154

Ecstasy is a mixture of what two types of drugs?

Back 154

stimulants and hallucinogens

Front 155

What is an enactogen?

Back 155

a drug that induces feelings of warmth and closeness to others

Front 156

Which drug is an enactogen?

Back 156

ecstasy

Front 157

What is ecstasy made from ?

Back 157

MDMA

Front 158

What was ecstasy used for in WW1?

Back 158

an appetite suppressant

Front 159

Ecstasy acts primarily by contributing to both the release and reuptake of which neurotransmitter?

Back 159

serotonin

Front 160

What effect does ecstasy have on the serotonin system?

Back 160

neurotoxic

Front 161

Prolonged use of ecstasy can cause what?

Back 161

damage to the seronin axons and nerve terminals

Front 162

What are some of the positive effects felt by people who ingest ecstasy?

Back 162

intimacy and insight enhancement, improvements in interpersonal relationships, elevated mood and self-confidence, and increased aesthetic awareness

Front 163

What are some of the negative effects that may be experienced by people who ingest ecstasy?

Back 163

muscle tension, rapid eye movements, jaw clenching, mausea, faintness, chills or sweating, anxiety, depression, depersonalisation and confusion

Front 164

What is the biggest risk in taking ecstasy?

Back 164

overheating

Front 165

What cognitive deficits can be caused by MDMA?

Back 165

impaired visual and verbal memory, and decision making, increased impulsivity and lack of self control, sleep disturbances, and sometimes anxiety and depression

Front 166

Explain withdrawal and tolerence of LSD and PCP?

Back 166

no evidence of withdrawal symptoms, and tolerence develops rapidly

Front 167

What is the common name for PCP?

Back 167

angel dust

Front 168

What use was PCP originally developed for?

Back 168

as a horse tranquiliser

Front 169

What are the severe negative reactions associated with the use of PCP?

Back 169

severe paranoia and violence

Front 170

What are the effects of hallucinogens?

Back 170

disturbances in thinking and sense of time, illusions, hallucinations, impaired ego functioning, sounds may be perceived as visual stimuli, decreased vigilence and logical thoughts, and rapid shifts in mood

Front 171

Hullucinogen related deaths are often a result of what three things?

Back 171

accidents, homicide and suicide

Front 172

Does dependance develop with hallucinogens?

Back 172

no

Front 173

What are some adverse outcomes caused by hallucinogenic use?

Back 173

chronic or intermittent psychotic states, affective disorders, exacerbation of pre-existing psychiatric illnesses, post hallucinogenic perceptual disorder for months or years afterwards

Front 174

What is the common name for post-hallucinogenic perceptual disorder?

Back 174

flashbacks

Front 175

What are three problems with the medical model of substance abuse?

Back 175

1. drug dependence is seen as chronic and relapsing sickness or disease, fatalistic;
2. Removes responsibility from the abuser;
3. Widely accepted but not evidence based

Front 176

How does operant conditioning impact on drug use?

Back 176

Positive reinforcement initiates and maintain the drug either through positive reinforcement by increasing positive affect or through negative reinforcement by reducing negative affect

Front 177

Drug taking in a new environment may trigger what? How?

Back 177

an overdose due to a lack of cues to signal onset of drug effect

Front 178

An environment or social situation may be associated with good feelings of drug taking and trigger what in a user?

Back 178

a relapse

Front 179

An environment associated with pain of withdrawal may trigger what?

Back 179

a relapse

Front 180

What is the main problem with self report measures in assessing substance intake?

Back 180

responders socially contruct their answers based on cues from the 'experts'

Front 181

The first step for treatment of substance abuse is what?

Back 181

detoxification

Front 182

The biopsychosocial model involves the dynamic interaction of what three factors?

Back 182

biology, psychology and sociology

Front 183

What are the risk and protective factors associated with harm from substance abuse prior to birth?

Back 183

Risk factors - family socioeconomic deprivation, sole parent housegold, paternal genetic risk for alcoholism, and maternal drug use during pregnancy. No protective factors

Front 184

What are the risk and protective factors associated with harm from substance abuse in infancy and preschool?

Back 184

Risk factors - environmental tobacco smokea nd child neglect/abuse.
Protective factors - easy temperament

Front 185

What are the risk and protective factors associated with harm from substance abuse in children aged 4 to 11l?

Back 185

Risk factors - early school failure, conduct disorder, and aggression.
Protective factors - social and emotional competence, and shy and cautious temperament

Front 186

What are the risk and protective factors associated with harm from substance abuse in children aged 12 to 17?

Back 186

Risk factors - low involvement in activites with adults, perceived and actual drug use, community diasadvantage and disorganisation, availability of drugs, positive media portrayal of drugs, parent-adoloscent conflict, and favourable parental attitude towards drugs.
Protective factors - religious involvement, family attachment, low parental conflict, and parent-adult communication

Front 187

What are the risk and protective factors associated with harm from substance abuse in early adulthood aged 18 to 24?

Back 187

Risk factors - frequent drug use around high school period.
Protective factor - a well managed comminity environment for alcohol use and arriage in early adulthood

Front 188

Rational recovery from alcohol abuse focuses on propmoting what?

Back 188

promoting renewed self-reliance rather than reliance on a higher power like in AA

Front 189

What are the 7 main treatments for alcohol abuse?

Back 189

1. In hospital treatment; 2. Alcoholics Anonymouse or similar; 3. Couple Therapy; 4. CBT; 5. Motivational Interventions; 6. Moderation in Drinking; and 7; Medication

Front 190

Which CBT treatment involved teaching people and those close to them to reinforce behaviours inconsistent with drinking and avoiding situations associated with drinking in the past?

Back 190

Contingency management therapy

Front 191

What term refers to a pattern of alcohol consumption that is moderate, avoiding extremes of total abstinence and inebriation?

Back 191

controlled drinking

Front 192

Which opiate atanagonist is also used for treating alcohol abuse?

Back 192

naltrexone

Front 193

Which medication used to treat alcohol abuse discouraging drinking by causing violent vomiting if alcohol is ingested?

Back 193

antabuse

Front 194

What is the most effective psychological treatment for smoking?

Back 194

the physician telling the person to stop smoking

Front 195

What strategy for smoking cessation involves reducing nicotine intake over several weeks and increasing the time between each cigarette?

Back 195

scheduled smoking

Front 196

What are the four phases in the treatment process for substance abuse?

Back 196

engagement, psychosocial change, recovery and reintegration, and beyond treatment

Front 197

Describe the engagement phase of the treatment process model for substance abuse?

Back 197

motivating clients and buildiing a therapeutic model

Front 198

Describe the psychosocialchange phase of the treatment process model for substance abuse?

Back 198

developing psychological strengths and addressing issues with thinking

Front 199

Describe the recovery and reintegration phase of the treatment process model for substance abuse?

Back 199

development of social networks, long term planning, and community engagement

Front 200

Describe the beyond treatment phase of the treatment process model for substance abuse?

Back 200

long-term personal development and building community supports, family linkage ans aspirations

Front 201

What are four important factors in the prevention of substance abuse?

Back 201

peer-pressure resistance training, correction of belifes and expectations, inoculation against mass media messages, and peer leadership

Front 202

What is the biggest predictor of successful substance abuse recovery?

Back 202

leaving behind their old social network and selecting a new more congruent social network

Front 203

Interventions aimed at preventing substance use need to be aimed at who?

Back 203

children and their families

Front 204

Does effective education and resistence training delivered by police officers reduce drug abuse?

Back 204

No

Front 205

Is drug replacement therapy effective for cocaine abuse?

Back 205

no