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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Developmental psychology |
Studies consumption to death |
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Ericsson |
-social state -how our social environment affects our state
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Frode |
-all went through stages of development. |
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1st stage- prenatal |
-when sperm and egg meet and make a zygote -zygote drops to uterus for couple days |
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Psychologists stages/period
Germinal period |
-Conseption -implanted (couple weeks 2) |
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Embryonic period |
-week 2 to 8 -most crucial period of all organs are formed (but not functioning) -teratogen: anything the mom takes to cause harm (alcohol, don't know how much is a problem) -fetal alcohol syndrome: mental retardation -cigarette smoking: miscarriage, low birth rate, after birth problems -all drugs: illegal or legal -illnesses: measles etc |
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Fetal period infanc |
-week 8 on -growth stage -grow to function |
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Infancy
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-o to 2 years of age -all 5 senses functioning -hearing takes place in fetal period -taste: makes different facial expressions -smell: recognizes mother smell (cotton ball to breast milk test) -sight: don't see all colors when 1st born -theory: that babies didn't have pain receptors -touch: recommended for pre-Mies |
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Reflexes |
-some stay with us for entire life -blinking: automatic response -rooting reflex -sucking reflex -grasp reflex -babinksy: evidence of neurological damage ex: when foot is stroke baby toes fan out, as adult toes curl in. |
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Temperaments |
-born with it -consistent -base for personality - mothers can tell if had more children from prenatal |
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Different kinds of temperaments |
1. Difficult temperament -cries a lot -fussy -irritable -not on a schedule -can get more attention 2.easy baby -don't cry much -not fussy or irritable -on a schedule 3. Slow to warm up -middle of the 2 -difficult to transition and people |
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Attachment |
-emotional bond -many years that attachment occurred during feeding process -research: monkey was attacked to blanket and not assistant who fed them (Harlow) -what creates attachment is contact comfort
Mary/ different types of attachment -strange situation -secure attachment (6-8months) : baby gets mad when mom leaves and wants to be picked up by her (separation anxiety) -avoid attachment: cries when mom leaves but avoids her when arrives -disorganization: circling around, insecure attachment -can attach to any person( especially day car worker) means that doing a good job -insecure attachment to you but secure attachment to daycare worked it is your fault for un-attachment. |
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Sensory motor |
-interact with environment -child doesn't have object permanence ex: taking the toy away and hiding it (out of sight out of mind, peek a boo) |
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Erickson stage |
1. Trust vs. mistrust: social environment affects child -fed, taken care of = trust -not fed or taken care of =mistrust -any damage can overcome 2.autonomy -explore environment without parents |
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Parenting styles |
1. authoritarian parent -drill Sargent -lots of rules -consequences -not allowed to give opinion Adults: grow up to look up to someone to tell what to do
2. Permissive parent - child is in charge -can do whatever they want -free rage parents -allowed to break rules Adult: spoiled, risk takers
3. Authoritative -has rules -consequences -asks for child's permission -has opinion
Gender can make a difference |
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Early childhood |
Erickson -child is initiating there behavior -if parent squash there idea the child feels guilt -small children have a lot of limitations
PRJ -preopperasional -very ego-centric -a child sees things exactly the same way as they do ex: mountains with the dog, ball, doll -conservation: if something changes shape it doesn't lose quantity -believed a child doesn't have conservation |
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Middle childhood (elementary school) |
Erickson Industry vs. inferiority -industry: idea of learning whatever is needed in surviving our culture - inferiority: if they can't learn they get inferior, how will they survive |
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Adolescents |
-technically begins with puberty -girls start puberty 2 years before boys -puberty kicks in --> primary and secondary -girls get more fat and boys get more muscles -girls hormones starts at age 9 or 10 years -boys hormones starts at age 11 or 12 years |
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EARLY GIRLS |
-7 to 8 years (H) -3rd or 4th grade -breasts start to develop (get bullied) -self conscious -sexually active much earlier in life. |
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LATE GIRLS |
-puberty kicks in same time as boys -12 years (H) |
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EARLY BOYS |
-right on track with girls -getting attention -athletic/ muscles |
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LATE BOYS |
- goes to high school with no growth spurt -gets picked on |
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PRJ Adolescents |
-formal operations -last stage -adolescents has a odd way of thinking -egocentric: people don't see what I see but we all think the same -personal fables: you are unique and no one is like you -everything is BIG, emotions etc. -causes them to do reckless things -good thing --> they will shoot for the stars, is very motivated |
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Erickson Adolescents |
-identity or identity crisis vs. role confusion - who they want to be -what do they want to do -try on different identities to decide who they want to be -wants to be opposite of parents |
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Youth early |
-between adolescents and early adulthood -starting there career -getting an education -dependent on parents financially and emotionally -not everyone goes through this stage -ends when your independent |
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Early adulthood |
-starts with independence from parents financial and emotional -can enter around 18 years old -ends around 40-45 years
Erickson -physical peak -goal is to form intimate relationships emotionally -building your career -intimacy vs. isolation -if you don't form a relationship you will end up alone |
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Middle adulthood |
-45 to 65 years old -senses declining -sight most common to decline first -physical decline -meta pause occurs
Erickson -1.generatively vs. 2.stagnation 1. Giving back to next generation -passing on knowledge 2. Mid life crisis - self centered |
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Late adulthood |
-65 to death -physical declines much more rapidly -body deteriorating -speed at which brain work as slows down
Fluid intelligence -common in early adulthood -come to and answer more quickly
Crystallize intelligence -takes you longer to come up with an answer because bringing up past experiences
Dimensia -most common and noticeable -causes: alheizmers etc -decrease in cognitive ability not just memory loss
Erickson 1. Integrity vs 2. dis pair 1. Starts to review their life and if happy with it overall they will have little fear with dying 2. Don't like how their life panned out they will try to correct it and make up to people to have integrity. |
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Death |
Elizabeth Q. Ross -wanted to find patients to see if they were all going through the same stages at the same time before death -stages can go out of order -takes at least a year to go through the stages with holidays and events |
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Stages of Death |
1. Denial -denying going to die -talk to other doctors/ getting a 2nd or 3rd opinion - finding cures in other countries
2. Anger -why me? -getting angry -anger towards all the people around you
3. Bargaining -with God -asking God to let them live till Xmas, wedding etc and then can go -asking God to live and promising to go to church more often etc.
4. Depression -getting depressed
5. Acceptance (final) -can't stop what's going to happen |
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Stress |
-our reaction/ response to something from the environment - stressor: the thing we react to -automatic response -everybody differs from stressors -money, school, jobs -we can have 2 people with the same stressor but react to it differently/ interpretation |
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General adaptation syndrome |
Han S. -does everyone go through the same thing
1. Alarm stage -initial reaction -physical changes -body reacts
2.Resistance stage -going back to normal -body has to fight to keep it normal -depleting immune system, more likely to get sick -physical or psychological
3. Exhaustion stage -done fighting back -can die, heart attack, stroke, etc. -age differs -stress in heart disease is correlated to heart attack -higher blood pressure -change personality type |
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Personality types |
1. Type A -coronary prone -determine -aggressive -goals -hard worker -being the best
2. Type B -calm -relaxed - nothing is a problem
3. Hardy person -between type A and B -sees stress as a challenge but better at handling it then type A or B - has coping mechanisms -less likely to get sick -doesn't stay in the resistance stage long |
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Causes of stress |
-anything that is a CHANGE -always going through stress -pressure: jobs, school, friends, etc. -frustration: when we have a goal and something is blocking it, ourselves or the world -conflict: Want to do more than one thing but can't do both |
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4 types of conflicts |
1. approach/ approach -2 things you want to do but have to do one not the other -all just pros Ex: getting a good night sleep or going out with friends
2. Avoidance/ avoidance -don't want to do either one but has to pick one and not the other Ex: having a toothache, either going to the dentist or having the toothache
3. Approach/ avoidance -both positive and negative Ex: dieting
4. Double approach/avoidance -both things have positive and negatives -run into most often -pros of one are cons of the other and vice versa Ex: going to school vs. getting a job |
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Social stresses |
1. Catastrophes -not everyone goes through them - devastating
2. Significant life changes -married -new job -having a baby -getting a house
3. Daily hassles -everyday things/ experience -traffic -bad grade -fight with spouse
Scale ( social readjustment) -points of stressors in 6 month period -adding all the points in the end -more than 300 more likely to get sick |
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Coping with stress post |
1. Emotion focus -change the perception of stressor -reevaluate stressor -change emotional reaction Ex: reassuring yourself that the bad test grade will be dropped and you'll be fine
2. Problem focus -trying to solve the problem -try to change the stressor -try to fly it to reduce the stress -we do one then the other Ex: bad test grade and next studying more to do better the next test
Other ways to cope -exercise (most common and relieves the stress) -meditation -drinking/ drug use -eating/ baking/ cooking |
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Post dramatic stress disorder |
-going through a catastrophe -extreme stressor -reliving the event over and over ~by nightmares ~something can trigger it (smell) ~stress over the thought of reliving it again. |
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Motivation |
-activate or maintain our behavior -goal directed -by our needs and our needs can by physical or pyschology -needs: deprived of something
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Drive Theory (Drive Reduction Theory) |
-driven b/c our homeostasis is thrown off and that drive motivates us -driven to keep our body balanced |
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Incentive Theory |
-2 types of incentives *External -come from outside of us -motivates us b/c extrensic reward (world) *Internal -comes from inside -motivates us b/c intrensic reward (emotion) |
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Hierarchy of needs (Maslows theory) |
-motivated by our needs that like a pyramid -if bottom is not satisfied then cant work our way up -we get motivated to go to the top but things get in our way *self actualization: puts others peoples needs first. *self esteem: loving ones self. *love: need to feel we belonged by group of people. *safety: somewhere we feel safe and protected. *physical: food,water, etc. |
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Socio-biological theory |
-men and women have different motivations -procreate/have children is to continue our bloodline/DNA -Record: father had 899 children -to have as many children as possible -more children more likely to live on for centuries, more partners, last name will live on -women can have very limited amounts of children, having a partner to help her raise her children |
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Biological motivation |
-food -what we are built with helps us maintain our health,overeat, under eat -"clean your plate"," cant have desert" bad habit to say to kids even if they are full they will keep eating and lose mechanism -never use it as a reward -girls are tought when sad have ice cream to feel better -tie food to the clock |
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Eating Disorders |
*anorexia
-strip their food intake and exercise any calorie intake -learned, cultural -restriction of food b/c of fear of overweight -distorted body image -common in middle and upper class white females -control and family issues *Belimia -some similar characteristics -eating enormous amounts of food (binge eating) -to gain control they vomit or use laxitives -they overeat their emotions -more people die from eating disorders -way of life/ natural to them -starts to early teens |
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Sex |
- all cultures have biological motivation to have intercourse -natural instinct to procreate -learned -taboo against incest -Johnson: studied to see if everyone goes through the same stages from having sex -disfunction: problem in one of the stages -sexual desire disorder: doesnt get excited with having sex -premature ejaculation: orgasm too quickly -sexual adversion disorder: sex is repulsive/gross -can be caused by illnesses or problems, physical, psychological |
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Sexual response cycle |
1. Excitement: beginning, heart rate increases, etc. men have an erection, women start to lubricant 2.plato: everything increases more 3. Orgasm: muscles contractions in both, shortest phase 4. Resolution: everything goes back to normal. Only phase men and women are different. Men have a refractory period where they can not have another erection, with age gets longer. |
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Need for affiliation |
-being around people -some have high needs and some don't -it is going to motivate you towards a way |
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Need for achievement |
-need to continuously having goals -finishing one goal having another -different ways to achievement (academic, sports) |
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Emotions |
1. Physiology: people so different things when getting emotional 2. Behavior: how we act 3. Cognitive: the way we think |
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Physiology |
-controlled by the automatic nervous system -we have no control over, happens automatically -facial expressions are universal -happy, angry, sad, disgust, surprised -facial feedback expression: important to see, how we we will react -eyes: when interested in something pupils dilate |
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Our theory |
Event--> emotion--> phy. Response |
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James Lang theory of emotion |
Event-->phy. Response--> emotion
Ex: death,cry,sad Birth, cry, happy
Barr theory -phy. Response and emotion occur at the same time |
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Emotional IQ |
-having a high IQ is not enough -learned -get along better with society, partners, etc. -needs to be taught
1. Have to be aware of your own emotions -recognize all the feelings Ex: lil boys and girls when sad 2. Manage our emotions -know what to do with emotions 3. To read emotions in other people -read people appropriately will cause healthy relationships 4. Be able to delay gratification -not be impulsive 5. Help others deal with their emotions -you are able to help them |
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Describe the developmental stage called youth |
-between adolescence and early adulthood -youth is starting their career or getting an education -dependent on parents financially -not everyone goes through this stage -ends when your independent |
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Describe the emotion focus and problem focus mechanisms |
Emotion focus -change the perception of stressor -re-evaluate stressor -change emotional reaction Ex: reassuring yourself the the bed test will be dropped
Problem focus -trying to solve the problem -try to change the stressor -try to fix it to reduce the stress -we do one then the other Ex: studying more for the next test
Ways to relieve stress -exercise -meditation
It can lead to -drink/ drug use -eating baking cooking |
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Describe the socio-biological theory of motivation |
-men and women have different motivations -procreate/ have children is to continue our bloodline/DNA - father had 899 children, have many children as possible (boys) more children, more likely to live on for centuries, more partners -women can have very limited amounts of children, having a partner to help her raise her children |
