Bio Exam 4

Front 1

Amniocentesis

Back 1

A technique for diagnosing genetic defects while a fetus is in the uterus.

A sample of amniotic fluid, obtained by a needle inserted into the uterus is analyzed for telltale chemicals and defective fetal cells.

Karyotyping to detect chromosomal abnormalities such as Down Syndrome.

Biochemical tests on cultured fetal cells to detect other conditions, such as Tay-Sachs disease.

Front 2

Chorionic Villus Sampling

Back 2

A technique for diagnosing genetic defects while the fetus is in an early development stage within the uterus.

Removes a sample of chorionic villus tissue from the placenta and permits similar karyotyping and biochemical tests.

Front 3

Ultrasound Imaging

Back 3

A technique for examining a fetus in the uterus.

High-frequency sound waves echoing off the fetus are used to produce an image of the fetus.

Enables a physician to examine a fetus directly for anatomical deformities.

Newborn screening can detect diseases that can be prevented by special care and precautions.

Front 4

Sex Chromosomes

Back 4

A chromosome that determines whether an individual is male or female.

XY are males. XX are females.

Y chromosome has crucial gene, SRY, for the development of testes. Absence of the SRY gene directs ovaries to develop.

SRY kicks in 6-8 weeks.

Front 5

Sex-linked Gene

Back 5

A gene located on a sex chromosome.

In humans, the vast majority of sex-linked genes are located on the X chromosome.

X chromosome carries many genes unrelated to sex.

X is a bigger chromosome.

Front 6

Hemophilia

Back 6

An X-linked recessive trait with a well-documented history.

Hemophiliacs bleed excessively when injured because they lack one or more of the proteins required for blood clotting.

Front 7

Red-green Colorblindness

Back 7

A form of colorblindness in which red and green are perceived as identical.

Most Common type of colorblindness.

Inherited in an X-linked recessive manner and affects 6% of males.

Also known as Deutan, Deuteranopia, Daltonism

Front 8

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Back 8

A condition characterized by a progressive weakening of the muscles and loss coordination.

Starts in childhood, child has difficulty standing up. Muscles tissue keep weakening which results in wheelchair.

Breathing becomes difficult.

People rarely live past early 20's.

Front 9

Sex-linked disorders

Back 9

Due to recessive alleles.

Seen mostly in males.

A male receiving a single X-linked recessive allele from his mother will have the disorder.

A female must receive the allele from both parents to be affected.

Front 10

Virus

Back 10

A microscopic particle capable if infecting cells of living organisms and inserting its genetic material.

Generally not considered to be alive because they do not display all of the characteristics associated with life.

Front 11

Capsid

Back 11

The protein shell that encloses a viral genome.

Front 12

What are the two types of reproductive cycles?

Back 12

Lytic cycle

Lysogenic cycle

Front 13

Lytic Cycle

Back 13

A type of replication cycle resulting in the release of new viruses by lysis of the host cell.

Front 14

Lysogenic Cycle

Back 14

A type of bacteriophage replication cycle in which the viral genome is incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage.

New phages are not produced, and the host cell is not killed or lysed unless a viral genome leaves the host chromosome.

Front 15

What can cause disease in animals and plants?

Back 15

Viruses

Front 16

What type of viruses cause diseases in animals?

Back 16

DNA viruses

RNA viruses

Front 17

What do animals have rather then DNA as their genetic material?

Back 17

RNA

Front 18

Emerging Viruses

Back 18

A virus that has appeared suddenly or recently come to the attention of medical students.

Front 19

Examples of Emerging Viruses:

Back 19

2009 H1N1 influenza virus

HIV(Human Immunodeficiency Virus) causes AIDS.

Ebola Virus

Zika Virus

Front 20

What are the three processes that contribute to the emergence of viral diseases?

Back 20

Mutation

Contact between Species

Spread

Front 21

DNA technology

Back 21

Methods used to study and/or manipulate DNA.

Front 22

Genetic engineering

Back 22

The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes.

Front 23

Gene cloning

Back 23

The production of multiple copies of a gene.

Front 24

Recombinant DNA

Back 24

A DNA molecule that has been manipulated in the laboratory to carry nucleotide sequences derived from two sources, often different species.

Front 25

Vector

Back 25

A piece of DNA, usually a plasmid or a viral genome, that is used to move genes from one cell to another.

Front 26

Plasmids

Back 26

A small ring of independently replicating DNA separate from the main chromosomes.

Front 27

Steps in cloning a gene:

Back 27

1.) Plasmid is isolated

2.) DNA containing the gene of interest is isolated.

3.) Plasmid DNA is treated with a restriction enzyme that cuts in one place, opening the circle.

4.) DNA with the target gene is treated with th same enzyme, and many fragments are produced.

5.) Plasmid and target DNA are mixed and associate with each other.

Front 28

Bacteria are often the best for GMO's, why?

Back 28

Have plasmids available.

Can grow cheaply.

Can be engineered.

Often secrete the proteins directly into the growth medium.

Front 29

Yeast are good for GMO's also, why?

Back 29

Are eukaryotes.

Easy to grow.

Have long been used to make bread and beer.

Can take up foreign DNA and integrate it into their genomes.

Often better than bacteria at synthesizing and secreting eukaryotic proteins.

Front 30

Homologous Structures

Back 30

Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.