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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Additional Reading |
Coral Reefs |
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soft corals |
do not build coral reefs -live at great depthsin cold seawater |
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Stony corals |
depend on photosynthetic activities of zooxanthellaeas a principal source of carbohydrates -90 m depth limit -reef-building species -vulnerable to climate fluctuations |
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How are coral reefs built? |
calcium carbonate exoskeletons of one generation of stony corals aresecreted on the exoskeletons of preceding generations -requires millions of years -requires constantly warm (20oC), shallow (less than 90 m) water andconstant salinity near 3.5% |
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What are reef building activities the result of? |
stony coral living in a mutualistic relationship with a group of dinoflagellate protists called zooxanthellae |
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zooxanthellae |
carry on photosynthesis, they remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from thepolyps’ environment |
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coral limestone |
Associated pHchanges induce the precipitation of dissolved CaCO3 as aragonite |
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coralline algae |
live outside the coral organismsand create their own calcium carbonate masses -contribute to the reef by cementing together larger coralformations |
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Coral Reef Composition |
only the upper and outer layer includes coral animals and algae -consists of exoskeletons ofprevious generations of stony corals -supports a host of other organisms, including fishes, mollusks, arthropods,echinoderms, soft corals and sponges |
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What is evidence of changing oceanic levelsduring glacial periods and of the subsidence of the ocean floor? |
The depth of the reef mass |
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High productivity of reef communities depends on what? |
theability of reef organisms to recycle nutrients rather than to lose them to theocean floor |
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Fringing reefs |
built upfrom the sea bottom so close to the shoreline that no navigable channel existsbetween the shoreline and the reef -formation frequently forms a narrow, shallow lagoon between the reef andthe shore |
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Barrier reefs |
separated from shore bywide, deep channels -The Great BarrierReef |
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The Great BarrierReef |
located in Australia and is 1,700 km long with a channel 20 to 50 m deep and up to 48km wide -consists of a number of different reef forms, including barrier reefs |
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Atolls |
circular reefs that enclose alagoon in the open ocean -hypothesisregarding (Charles Darwin); they were builtup around islands that later sank |
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Additional Reading |
Why Some Coral Can Stand the Heat 01/08/2013 by Melissa Lee Phillips |
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Climate change threatens coral populations, but some handle the heat better than others. How? |
By front-loading transcription |
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What can help researchers better assess which of these corals will survive climate change, the biggest threat to their existence? |
By understanding gene expression levels in populations |
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coral bleaching |
Warming water temperatures have resulted in corals loseing the algae that live in their tissues and provide sustenance |
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Daniel Barshis research: A. hyacinthus genome study, a high temperature thriving coral vs. a coral that thrives in moderate temperatures |
Results: in both corals, under heat stress expression levels changed for hundreds of genes, including those that encoded heat shock proteins, antioxidants, oxidative stress enzymes, and cell death regulators -reduced expression of stress-indicator genes in heat-tolerant corals, indicate lower levels of physiological stress |
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What prepares the coral for environmental stresses and protects it from dramatic heat changes |
a different pattern of gene expression -Discussion: under moderate temperature conditions, the hardier variety expressed 60 heat-responsive genes at higher levels than the heat-sensitive variety |
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Additional Reading |
Bioluminescence |
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Photosynthesis |
transforms light energy into chemical energy |
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Bioluminescence |
chemical energy is converted into light energy -common in the oceans |
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bioluminescent organisms |
glowing dinoflagellate, ctenophores, squid, and lantern fishes |
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fluorescence |
energy from a source of UV light is absorbed and reëmitted as another photon |
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Bioluminescence Chemical Reaction |
involving luciferin (substrate), luciferase (enzyme), ATP & oxygen -luciferin reacts with ATP which boosts e- out of orbit -Luciferin release O & C as CO2 -As e- drops back to its customary orbit, the spent energy is released as a tiny flash of light |
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When ATP appears in a sample of any substance, what does this indicate? |
contamination by an organism -firefly luciferin and luciferase are utilized to detect bacteria in syrups used to produce the beverages, which cause it to glow |
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Additional Reading |
Swimmer's Itch |
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Schistosome biology |
Cercariae attempt to penetrate the skin of humans resulting in Swimmer's Itch -the flukes don't enter the bloodstream the die after the penetrate the skin -common casautive agent in the blood parasite of seagulls cercariae which develop into a mudflat snail |
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Additional Reading |
Do Parasites rule the world by Carl Zimmer |
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Parasites |
make up the majority of species on earth, one estimate is that parasites out number free-living species 4:1 -the study of life is parasitology -recent research reveals that parasites are important to the ecosystem and are top of the food chain |
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Sacculina Carnini |
a barnacle the morphs into plantlike roots -the female larva colonizes a crab by injecting apart of itself the resembles a slug which grows and sprouts rootlike tendrils throughout the crabs entire body and draws nutrients from the crabs bloodstream -the slug grows forming a bulge in the shell where males land and inject their sperm which endlessly fertilizes her eggs |
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A crab parasitized by Sacculina Carnini |
Changes into a new creature: doesn't grow anymore, serves the parasite, can regenerate lost claws, becomes spayed by the parasite -female crabs nurture the knob and the larvae as they hatch -males crabs grows abdomens as wide as the females and take on the female role of nurturing the knob |
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Dicrocoelium dendriticum |
a mature lancet fluke nestles in cows and the eggs are left in the manure. Snails eat the eggs and hatch in the intestines, the settle in the digestive gland and produce offspring excreted in balls of slime. An ant eats the slime ball and then it controls their mind and makes it get eaten by another grazer, then the flukes burst out in the cows liver living its adult life. |
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Kevin Lafferty Experiments |
1. If the flukes were absent from the snail population it would nearly double, this would result in lower algae which results in an increase snail predators 2. The fish with parasites were four times more likely to give itself up to a predator, without parasites birds would have a harder time getting food |
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Additional Reading |
An Application of Eutely |
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Caenorhabditis elegans |
research animals for the study of aging (genontology) because none of their cells are continually renewed, it can't repair cells, and only a specific number of cells are present; their exact lineage is knows -Eutelic animals that have the characteristics of aging such as progressive disorganization of muscle and nerve cells, mitochondrial degeneration, decrease in cellular motility and accumulation of age pigments |
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Additional Reading |
The Ecology of Soil Nematodes |
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Nematodes |
-abundant and diverse in soil, parasitic on roots of plants where their reproductive potential is generated at the expense of the plant results in millions of dollars of damage -they are free-living and are important to soil ecology by feeding on soil bacteria and fungi; they are essential to the energy flow and nutrient cycling in soil ecosystems -important role in biological control because they are microbial feeders |
