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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Porifera synapomorphies (2)
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aquiferous system
spicules |
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Other characteristics of Porifera (4)
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no true tissues
totipotent cells sessile asymmetrical |
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Classes of Porifera (3)
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Calcarea
Hexactinellida Demospongiae |
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General body forms of Porifera (3)
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Asconoid
Syconoid Leuconoid |
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Difference between asconoid sponges and syconoid/leuconoid? (3)
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Asconoid:
porocyte with ostium (others have dermal pores) no choanocyte chambers no prosopyle/apopyle |
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Difference in angle of supply in sponges?
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Large: static environment, avoid recycling water through it, chimney shape
Small: dynamic environment, always fresh supply of water (eg intertidal zone), flat shape |
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What are the 3 types of cells found in the epidermis of Porifera?
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1. Exopinacocytes
2. Gland cells (mucus) 3. Porocytes (Asconoid only) |
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What are the 6 types of cells found in the mesohyl of Porifera?
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1. Archaeocytes (differentiable)
2. Myocytes (contractile) 3. Rhabdiferous cells (create mesoglea) 4. Sclerocytes (create spicules) 5. Spongocytes (create spongin) 6. Chromocytes (pigment) |
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What are the 2 types of cells found in the internal lining of Porifera?
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1. Endopinacocytes
2. Choanocytes |
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List the 5 functions of choanocytes in Porifera
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1. Feeding
2. Undergo meiosis to become sperm 3. Capture sperm for fertilization 4. Generate water current 5. Gas exchange |
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What are the 2 methods of asexual reproduction in Porifera?
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1. Fragmentation
2. Budding |
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Describe the life cycle of Porifera
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Modified mixed: free spawn gametes but with internal fertilization
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What type of cleavage do Porifera zygotes undergo?
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Radial
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Describe the function and structure of Porifera reduction bodies
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Only in hypotonic environments (fresh water)
Coat of spicules & collagen Internal sac of archaeocytes and trophocytes for food Archaeocytes exit through micropyle when conditions improve |
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Cnidaria synapomorphies (3)
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1. Polyp phase
2. Cnidocytes 3. Epitheliomuscular cells (no true mesoderm) |
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Subphyla of Cnidaria (3)
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1. Anthozoa
2. Medusozoa (Hydrozoa & Scyphozoa) 3. Myxozoa |
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Which members of Cnidaria have mesoglea vs mesenchyme?
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Mesoglea: Hydrozoa
Mesenchyme: Anthozoa, Scyphozoa |
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Do Cnidaria have true tissues?
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Yes
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Describe 2 types of cells found on the epidermis of Cnidarians
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1. Epitheliomuscular cells (with myonemes for contraction)
2. Receptor cells (neurons) |
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Describe the structure of a cnidocyte
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Nematocyst: structure inside cnidocyte cell
Operculum: lid Thread Capsule Cnidocyl: sensor |
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What are the enlarged cells on the collar of an Anthozoan called and what are they used for?
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Acrorhagi - for defense (release nematocysts)
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What are the holes and bumps called on an Anthozoan's epidermis?
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Cinclides (holes) & verrucae (bumps)
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What is a limbus?
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"Foot" of Anthozoan
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What is the stomodeum?
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Lining of pharynx in Anthozoan
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What is the groove in the pharynx in Anthozoa called?
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Siphonoglyph
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In Anthozoa, what are the 2 different types of muscles?
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Retractor (shorter/taller)
Radial (wider/smaller) |
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Gonads arrive from which tissue in Anthozoa?
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Endoderm
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What are the internal cells of an Anthozoan that hold nematocysts called?
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Acontia
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Describe what kind of life style Hydra has (3)
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Solitary
Freshwater No medusae - polyp only |
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Do Hydra reproduce asexually or sexually?
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Both (budding or ectodermal gonads)
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Describe the life style of Obelia (Hydrozoa) (2)
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Colonial
Differentiated polyps |
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What are the names of the differentiated polyps in Obelia (Hydrozoa)
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Gastrozooids
Gonozooids Dactlyzooids |
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What is the name for all layers together in Hydrozoa (epidermis + gastrodermis + mesoglea)?
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Coenosarc
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What is the name of the non-living skeleton present in Obelia (Hydra) colonies?
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Perisarc
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How does Obelia (Hydra) reproduce?
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Asexual - medusa pops out of pore in gonozooid
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How does a Hydromedusa swim?
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Jet propulsion - contraction of velum
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Gonads arise from which tissue in Hydromedusae?
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Ectoderm
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Gonads arise from which tissue in Scyphomedusae?
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Endoderm
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What are the branched extensions of the GVC in Scyphomedusae called?
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Radial canals
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Describe the structure and function of a Rhopalium and in which class they are found in
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2 Lappets form surrounding structure
Statocyst for sense Chemoreceptor and ocellus present for sense Connected to neurons Used for orientation Found in Scyphomedusae |
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What are the 2 types of "skeletons" Cnidarians use?
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Hydrostatic skeleton
CaCO3 or chiton endo/exoskeletons in corals (creates sclerite -> corallite -> corallum) |
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Do Anthozoans reproduce asexually or sexually?
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Both
Asexual: fission or pedal laceration Sexual: endodermal gonads |
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Are Anthozoans monoecious or dioecious?
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Dioecious
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Are Hydrozoans monoecious or dioecious?
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Polyps: monoecious
Medusae: dioecious |
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Are Scyphozoans monoecious or dioecious?
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Polyps: monoecious
Medusae: dioecious |
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How do planula larvae differ in Anthozoans and Medusozoans?
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Anthozoa: planktotrophic
Medusozoa: lecithotrophic |
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What type of cleavage do Cnidarians undergo?
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Radial
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What method is the gut formed by in Cnidarians?
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Invagination
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Define archenteron
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Early gut formed by invagination
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What is the blastopore? What does this become in Cnidaria?
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First opening: GVC opening in Cnidaria
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What are the stages that Cnidarians go through from planula larva to adult? (4)
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Planula larva
Polyp Scyphistoma Strobila Ephyra Adult |
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What are the synapomorphies of Platyhelminthes?
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None
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What are characteristics of Platyhelminthes? (7)
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Incomplete gut
Triploblastic (origin of mesoderm) Dorsoventrally flattened Bilateral symmetry Cephalization Net-like nervous system Protonephridia |
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What are the 4 classes of Platyhelminthes?
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Turbellaria (free-living)
Monogenea (1 host) Trematoda (at least 2 hosts) Cestoda (at least 2 hosts) |
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What are the 2 types of locomotion by Platyhelminthes?
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1. Ciliary gliding
2. Muscular undulations by antagonistic muscles |
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What are the structures in Platyhelminthes called for light reception and chemoreception?
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Ocellus
Auricles |
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The pharynx in Platyhelminthes is of which type of tissue? What characteristic does it have?
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Ectodermal
Eversible |
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Do Platyhelminthes have mesoglea or mesenchyme?
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Mesenchyme
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Are Platyhelminthes' ventral nerve cords endodermal or ectodermal?
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Ectodermal
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What are the 2 types of antagonistic muscles present in Platyhelminthes?
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Dorsoventral & Transverse
Circular & Longitudinal/Oblique |
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Excretion & osmoregulation are carried out by which structure in Platyhelminthes?
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Protonephridia
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What type of tissue are protonephridia (Platyhelminthes) made from? What are the 3 main parts?
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Ectodermal (invagination)
1. Nephridiopore 2. Nephridioduct 3. Flame cell |
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Describe the nervous system in Platyhelminthes (tissue origin, structures involved, location)
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Ectodermal
Inverted pigment cup ocellus Cephalization, cerebral ganglion |
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Describe the inverted cup pigment ocellus
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Reflective pigment
Photosensory pigment Retinular cells Optic nerve to brain |
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Are Platyhelminthes monoecious or dioecious?
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Monoecious
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Do Platyhelminthes reproduce asexually or sexually?
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Both
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How do Platyhelminthes asexually reproduce?
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Transverse fission or regeneration
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What are the 2 methods of sexual reproduction in Platyhelminthes?
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Mutual cross fertilization (each donating sperm)
Hypodermic impregnation (inaccurate stabbing) |
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What type of cleavage do Platyhelminthes undergo in development?
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Spiral
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Where does mesoderm arise from in Platyhelminthes during development?
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From mesentoblast (single cell) in stereoblastula
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How does gastrulation occur in Platyhelminthes development?
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By epiboly of stereogastrula
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What is the Platyhelminthes larva called? Is it planktotrophic or lecithotrophic?
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Muller's Larva
Planktotrophic |
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What are the 2 suckers on Monogenea called?
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Prohaptor & Opishaptor (with hooks)
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What are the 2 suckers on Trematoda called?
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Oral and ventral
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What is the difference in the GVC opening in Monogenea vs Trematoda?
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Monogenea: on ventral side
Trematoda: in oral sucker |
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What are the 2 larval stages in Trematoda and where would you find them?
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Miracidium larva (in snail - primary intermediate - asexual reproduction)
Cercaria larva (free swimming) |
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What are the segments in Cestoda called?
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Proglottids
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Describe the scolex (Cestoda)
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Rostellum (hooks at end) 4 suckers |
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Synapomorphies of Mollusca (5)
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1. Mantle & mantle cavity
2. Shell glands 3. Radula ("teeth") 4. Muscular foot 5. 3-chambered heart |
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What are the 7 classes of Mollusca?
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1. Aplacophora (no shell)
2. Monoplacophora (1 shell, fossils) 3. Polyplacophora (7-8 shells, chitons) 4. Scaphopoda (tusk shells) 5. Gastropoda (snails, slugs) 6. Bivalvia (mussels, claims) 7. Cephalopoda (octopus, squids) |
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What is the name for the structure that forms when the mantle in a Mollusc is rolled into a spiral?
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Siphon
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Do protostomes or deuterostomes have a solid blastula?
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Protostomes
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Do protostomes or deuterostomes have a blastocoel?
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Deuterostomes
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Do protostomes or deuterostomes have spiral cleavage?
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Protostomes
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Deuterostomes undergo gastrulation by which process?
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Enterocoely
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What is the difference between how the archenteron is formed in protostomes vs deuterostomes?
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Deuterostomes: invagination
Protostomes: epiboly |
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Protostomes undergo gastrulation by which process?
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Schizocoely (mesoderm arises from hollowing of solid mass)
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What does the blastopore become in protostomes vs deuterostomes?
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Protostomes: mouth
Deuterostomes: anus |
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Mesoderm comes from which structure in protostomes vs deuterostomes?
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Proto: mesentoblast
Deutero: archenteron |
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