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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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fuctions of cytoskeleton:
-... of cell -muscular ... -cell ... changes -... of organelles in the cytoplasm -...-ion storage -site of ... activity |
movement
contraction shape movement calcium enzyme |
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microfilaments are #-# nm in diameter and are made up of ...
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5-7
actin |
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actin is always the same as the ... band
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I
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microtubules are # nm in diameter and are made up of ... (alpha and beta)
They have ... movement (grow on one end and dissociate off the other) |
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tubulin dynamic |
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intermediate filaments
-# nm -made up of fibrous ... that wrap around each other to form a bundle -maintains the ... of the cell -stable |
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subunits shape |
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... and ... proteins help to stabilize actin
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tropomyosin
capping |
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some filament associated proteins will control the ... and ... of filament monomers
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assembly
disassembly |
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movement usually involves the breakdown of ... and depends on which type of cytoskeletal filament?
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ATP
microtubules |
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which type of cytoskeletal filament has mainly non-muscle actin and other associated proteins involved in actin polymerization and de-polymerization?
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microfilaments
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microfilaments attach to plasma membrane and are involved in defining the ... morphology of the cell
-spectrin (an actin associated protein) interacts with some membrane proteins and helps to maintain the ... shape of RBCs |
surface
bi-concave |
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a defect in spectrin leads to the condition of the RBC becoming ..., which is called hereditary spherocytosis
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rounded
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Microfilaments:
-actin filaments are linked together by ... proteins |
cross linking
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microfilaments:
-other proteins sever the actin filaments into smaller fragments or cap the actin molecules to inhibit ... |
polymerization
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microvilli and its surrounding plasma membrane are also stabilized by ... actin filaments
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cross-linked
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which filaments are the most stable?
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intermediate filaments
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what helps hold actin filaments together?
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fimbrin
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the actin filaments of the microvilli are anchored to the ... which is a specialized area of the apical cytoplasm of intestinal epithelial cells containing a network of ... molecules and intermediate filaments which are thought to stiffen the microvilli by keeping the actin bundles at a right angle to the apical surface of the cell
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terminal web
spectrin |
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the terminal web has fibers that are running ... to the apical membrane
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parallel
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cilia is usually found at the ... surface of the cell
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apical
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microfilaments:
..., a family of metabolites excreted by molds, paralyzes many kinds of vertebrate cell movement - including cell locomotion, phagocytosis, cytokinesis and folding of epithelia sheets into tubes. |
cytochalasins
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the principle action of the cytochalasins is to bind specifically to fast-growing ... ends of actin filaments
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plus
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cytochalasins is an important drug because it can be used as a treatement for ... cells
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cancer
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microtubules are formed by the polymerization of ... molecules.
-# tubulin heterodimers are present in one complete turn (protofilament) of the spiral |
tubulin
13 |
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microtubules are unstable and are liable to disassemble into ...
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tubulin
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where do microtubules come from?
examples: basal bodies, centrioles |
microtubule-organizing centers
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centrioles are always located at ... to each other
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right angles
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centrioles also have other proteins associated with it. --> centrosomes = made up of centrioles and other associated proteins. Located at the center of the cell (along with the ...)
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golgi apparatus
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microtubule-organizing centers:
-cylindrical structures, composed primarily of highly organized microtubules (# sets of microtubule triplets arranged in a ... fashion) |
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pinwheel |
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prior to mitosis, the centriole duplicates itself and the resulting 2 pairs move to the opposite poles of the cell and become ... for the mitotic spindles
-chromosomes are attached to the ... -what phase of mitosis to the chromosomes start migrating towards each end? |
organizing centers
microtubules anaphase |
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cells stuck in ... will make cells die, as in cancer cells
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metaphase
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Vinblastin, taxol and vincristine (to name a few) are agents that interfer with microtubule dynamics.
They are useful in the treatment of ... |
cancers
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Microtubule-organizing centers:
-basal bodies act as the templates that control the development of the axoneme subunits of ... or ... |
cilia
flagella |
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main function of basal body is ... for cilia
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movement
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microtubules play a role in development and maintenance of cell form and shape due to inherent rigidity and are also important in ... of organelles
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intracellular transport (movement)
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what are these?
-rope-like polymers which play a structural and tension-bearing roles in cell -stable structures which form a "basket" around the nucleus (lamina) |
intermediate filaments
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intermediate filaments exist as ...-specific forms based on AA sequence
because of this, they are important for diagnostic for different types of tumors |
tissue
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epithelial cells contain what type of intermediate filament?
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keratin filament
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neurons contain ... (int. filament)
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neurofilaments
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fibroblasts and glial cells contain ...(int. filament)
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vimetin-containing filaments
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muscle cells and all nucleated cells contain ... (intermediate filament)
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nuclear lamina
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since cells of different tissues produce different IF proteins, the tissue of origin for metastatic cancer cells may be identified according to the ... of intermediate filament
This helps in treating the cancer |
type
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In Alzheimer's disease, ... (IFs) form ... tangles within affected neurons
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neurofilaments
neurofibrillary |
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the nuclear envelop is directly connected to the rER and is surrounded internally and externally by a network of the IF called ...
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lamina
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the network inside the nucleus is called the ... and it supports the ... membrane
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nuclear lamina
inner nuclear |
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in the fatal disease, ..., individuals make antibodies against one or more of their own desmosomal linker glycoproteins which bind with keratin type IF. This causes disruption of desmosomes between skin cells and blistering.
-causes disruption of keratin -skin tends to break apart |
pemphigus
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