Exam 2 Bio 111 Oru

Front 1

photosynthesis equation

Back 1

6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2

carbon dioxide+ water--Light energy--> glucose+oxygen

Front 2

cellular respiration equation

Back 2

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water+ energy

Front 3

glycolosis

Back 3

Function is to breaks down glucose to form:
1. ATP and NADH as cellular energy sources
2. Pyruvate for the citric acid cycle as part of aerobic respiration
3. Intermediate compounds, which may be removed at various steps in the process for other cellular purposes.

Location:

cytosol

Front 4

citric acid cycle

Back 4

Function:

the common pathway by which organic fuel molecules of the cell are oxidized during cellular respiration

Location:

mitochondrial matrix

Front 5

oxidative phosphorylation

Back 5

Function:

The NADH and succinate generated in the citric acid cycle are oxidized, releasing energy to power the ATP synthase.

Location:

mitochondrion

Front 6

Calvin cycle

Back 6

Function:

synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide.
It uses ATP and NADPH made in the light stage to fix CO2.

Location:

stroma of the chloroplast

Front 7

electron transport chain

Back 7

A total of 10 NADH and 2 FADH2 enter the chain to drop off their electrons and H+.

34 ATP are produced.

Front 8

Photosynthesis

Back 8

Components: a light-dependent reaction and a light-independent, or dark, reaction.
Purpose:to manufacture food for the plant

Function: process in which plants use sunlight to produce sugar which is the plants food

Products: water, carbon dioxide

Reactants:glucose and oxygen

Front 9

Enzyme linked receptors

Back 9

have some type of catalytic function. Many of them are protein kinases that phosphorylate proteins

Front 10

G-protein coupled receptors

Back 10

interact with G proteins to initiate a cellular response

Front 11

Ligand-gated ion channels

Back 11

receptors that allow the flow of ions across cellular membranes

Front 12

intracellular receptors

Back 12

receptors located inside the cell rather than on its cell membrane.

Front 13

estrogen

Back 13

binds to receptors inside a cell.

signaling: a balance between two opposing forces in the form of two distinct receptors (ER alpha and ER beta) and their splice variants

Front 14

second messengers in signal transduction

Back 14

responsible for taking a signal and speeding it up and amplifying it

Front 15

PLC mechanism

Back 15

performs a catalytic mechanism, generating inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG)

Front 16

protein kinase signaling

Back 16

The active tyrosine kinase phosphorylates specific target proteins, which are often enzymes themselves. An important target is the ras protein signal-transduction chain

Front 17

extra cellular matrix

Back 17

is a network of material that forms a complex meshwork outside of animal cells; the cell wall is a similar component of plant cells.

Front 18

cell junction

Back 18

Front 19

DNA Replication

Back 19

the original DNA strands are used as templates for the synthesis of new DNA strands.

Front 20

Function of DNA polymerases

Back 20

synthesis and removes RNA primers

Front 21

Telomerase

Back 21

a naturally occurring enzyme that maintains telomeres and prevents them from shortening during cell division in cells, such as stem cells, that must remain immortalized to support normal health.

Front 22

Chromosomes

Back 22

Chromosomes are the things that make organisms what they are. They carry all of the information used to help a cell grow, thrive, and reproduce. Chromosomes are made up of DNA. Segments of DNA in specific patterns are called genes. Your genes make you who you are. You will find the chromosomes and genetic material in the nucleus of a cell. Inprokaryotes, DNA floats in the cytoplasm in an area called the nucleoid.

Front 23

Controbution of Roslin Franklin

Back 23

double helix structure of DNA

Front 24

Transcription and Translation

Back 24

Front 25

Converting DNA to RNA

Back 25