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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Biology
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The scientific study of life |
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What are the 5 unifying themes of life?
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Organization Information Energy and Matter Interactions Evolution |
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Properties of life are:
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Energy processing Order Evolutionary adaptation Regulation Reproduction Growth and development Response to the environment |
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What is the hierarchy of life, in order?
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Ecosystems Communities Populations Organisms Organ and organ systems Tissues Cells Organelles Molecules |
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lowest level of life
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Cell
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Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic cells
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Eukaryote: has membrane enclosed organelles, largest of which is usually the nucleus |
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Describe the basic structure of DNA
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Chain is made up of chemical building blocks called nucleotides (A, G, C, T) |
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What is nutrient cycling/energy flow between organisms?
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sun-producer-consumer-decomposer |
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What are the three domains of organisms?
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Bacteria-Prokaryotes Archaea-Prokaryotes-extremophiles Eukarya-Animals, Plants, Fungi-All eukaryotic organisms |
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What is the Scientific method
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an idealized process of inquiry
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What is a Hypothesis
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an educated guess based on observations or past experiences. must be falsifiable |
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Inductive vs Deductive reasoning |
Inductive: draws conclusions through the logical process of induction---the sun always rises in the east-an observation Deductive: uses general premesis to make specific predictions-used to test hypothesis |
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What is a scientific theory? |
Broader scope than a hypothesis
general and can lead to new, testable hypotheses supported by large body of evidence |
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What is natural selection? |
the mechanism behind descent with modification |
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What is decent with modification? |
decent from a common ancestor, animals differing in appearance/size/color. |
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What does darwins theory of evolution explain? |
the duality of unity and diversity.
Species generally suit their environment. |
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What were darwins observations? |
-Individuals in a population vary in their traits, many of which are heritable -more offspring are produced than survive, competition is inevitable -species generally suit their environment |
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Darwin inferred that... |
-individuals that are best suited for their environment are more likely to survive -over time, more individuals in a population will have the advantageous traits |
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What factors affect the the properties of different elements? |
-position in the periodic table -number of protons/electrons/neutrons -net charge -temperature -energy |
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describe the organization of the atom |
-nucleus consists of protons and neutrons -electrons orbit the nucleus -# of protons = atomic number -# of protons and neutrons = atomic mass |
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What is an atom? |
the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element |
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What is the charge of: protons, neutrons, electrons? |
-Protons=positive -Electrons=negative -Neutrons=neutral |
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How similar are the neutron and proton in mass? The electron? |
Neutron and proton have identical mass of 1 dalton electron has nearly no mass (too small to really measure) |
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What are the functions of the electron in the atom? |
form a cloud around the nucleus can be used to form bonds between elements or transfer between elements, creating cations or anions |
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how are electrons arranged in an atom? |
Arranged via shells around the nucleus |
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What are the four types of chemical bonds? |
Ionic Covalant van der waals Hydrogen |
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Ionic bond |
attraction between an anion and a cation -cation=positively charged ion -anion=negatively charged ion -occurs when an atom is stripped of an electron or gains an electron from their bonding partner |
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Covalent bond |
sharing of a pair of valance electrons by two atoms -shared electrons count as part of each atoms valance shell |
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Hydrogen bond |
forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom -in living cells, partners are usually oxygen and nitrogen |
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van der waals |
residual attractive or repulsive forces between molecules or atomic groups that do not arise from a covalent bond, or electrostatic interaction |
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what are the levels of taxonomy in order? |
domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species |
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describe the various properties of water |
cohesive behavior ability to moderate temperature expansion upon freezing versatility as a solvent |
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what is the universal solvent? |
water |
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hydrophobic vs hydrophylic |
hydrophobic-water repellent hydrophylic-water attractant |
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what are the elements that make up living organisms? |
carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogen |
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what makes carbon an important element in biological systems? |
unparalleled ability to form large, complex, and varied molecules living organisms consist mostly of carbon based molecules |
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cis-trans isomer |
have the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements |
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enantiomers |
isomers that are mirror images of eachother |
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what are functional groups? |
components of organic molecules that are commonly involved in chemical reactions |
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what are the functional groups |
Hydroxyl Carbonyl Carboxyl Amino Sulfhydryl Phosphate Methyl |
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what are carbohydrates? |
sugars and the polymers of sugars |
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why are carbohydrates important? |
used for storage and structure |
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what are the 3 types of lipids |
fats phospholipids steroids |
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describe fats |
energy storage triglyceride, saturated fats, unsaturated fats no polymer ester linkage |
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describe phospholipids |
used for structure cell membrane phospholipid no polymer ester linkage |
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describe steroids |
used for membrane structure steroids, testosterone, estrogen no polymer no linkage type |
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saturated fats vs unsaturated fats |
saturated- no double bonds, maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible---solid at room temp---butter unsaturated- one or more double bonds--liquid at room temp---olive oil |
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what is an isotope |
when an atom has one or more extra neutrons |
