Exam 2

Front 1

Tundra (arctic)

Back 1

primarily found in northern Canada and Alaska.
short cool summers and long cold winters. short growing season.

vegetation primarily grasses sedges lichens and low shrubby plants. limited tree growth due to permafrost, or frozen ground, blocking their root systems.

reindeer, arctic foxes, migrating birds (during the warmer season) such as arctic geese.

wet, even though there is low precipitation due to reduced surface evaporation from soil and reduced transpiration from plants. permafrost reduces moisture percolation through the soil, this increases wetness.

fragile environment: low species diversity, permafrost, short growing season. food webs are simple, thus easily disturbed.
any disturbance to biota can have substantial effects on trophic levels that depends on lost or reduced plant or animal population.

Front 2

boreal; taiga; northern coniferous forest

Back 2

south of tundra in NA( Canada and Alaska.) dense overstory vegetation (spruce, fir, pine trees) produces year round shade, limiting growth of the understory layers.
biome is warmer than tundra with more precipitation (mainly snow)

relatively infertile soil, limited agricultural use, but good for timber production.

migratory birds. moose, wolverines, and lynx.

Front 3

temperate forests

Back 3

below coniferous first, east portion of continent.
characterized by deciduous trees such as oaks, maples, beeches, and other hardwoods (some areas even have evergreens).
higher precipitation than coniferous forests and longer growing season, resulting in dense vegetation.

year round animal species such as deer, turkeys, blue jays, raccoons, eastern gray squirrels, and reptiles and amphibians. many birds species, but most migrate south for winter.

much of temperature forests has been converted to cropland

Front 4

temperate grassland (Savannah)

Back 4

west of temperate forest, south of northern coniferous forest.

generally low precipitation compared to temperature forests. characterized by wet and dry cycles. hot summers cold winters. periodic droughts and fires stunt tree growth.
single layer of vegetation, yet characterized by many plant species: grades and low gripping plants.

grasslands are classified by grass height, which is dependent upon the amount of precipitation they receive (sorry, mixed. and tall-grass prairies)
prairie dogs, meadowlarks, burrowing owls, prairie chickens.

rich productive soils because nutrients are not easily taken out of the soil and precipitation is low.

Used extensively for agriculture.

Tall grass prairies are converted for grain production. Mixed and short grass for livestock or grain production.

Front 5

Desert

Back 5

Arid. Less than 25 centimeters of rain in a year.
Western and southwestern regions of North America. High and low altitudes.

Hi desert has vegetation such as low shrubs intermixed grasses forbs and sagebrush.
No deserts of the Southwest North America cacti mesquite creosote bush.
Harsh climate. Plants and animals have adapted water conservation methods.
Dear jack rabbits Hawks Thrashers a variety of reptiles.
Some desserts have fertile soils irrigated agriculture has been developed in these areas.

Front 6

chaparral

Back 6

coastal so. cali
Mix of trees and shrubs often with partic evergreen leaves.
Try warm summers short mild winters most of the rain occurs in colder months.
Biome tends to burn easily. Some of the seeds of many plants need fire to break the seed so germination can occur.
Blacktail deer quail lots of birds and mammals and reptiles. fire exclusion and other human causes have affected this biome.

Front 7

tropical seasonal forest

Back 7

south florida
wet and dry seasons.
hot temps year round.
evergreen and deciduous trees.

Front 8

thermocline

Back 8

Middle temperature zone that's thermally stratified. It's the zone of greatest temperature variation ( abrupt temperature change) in a freshwater lentic system.
This layer acts as a barrier to water mixing.

Front 9

epilimnion

Back 9

Uppermost water layer that's thermally stratified in a freshwater lentic system. Located in the photic zone has photosynthetic activity. it's open to wind therefore its oxygen supply can be replenished.

Front 10

hypolimnion

Back 10

Deepest and coldest layer that's thermally stratisfied in a freshwater lentic system. The thermocline seals the hypolimnion.

Front 11

littoral zone

Back 11

Shallow water zone in freshwater lentic systems extends from shoreline and generally characterized by rooted aquatic vegetation. Habitat for shallow water fish species and baby fish
Wildlife such as raccoons feed in the littoral zone

Front 12

limnetic zone

Back 12

Lighted portion of the deeper (open) water zone beyond the littoral zone in freshwater lentic water body
Habitat for open water fishes.
Used by diving birds such as ducks

Front 13

profundal zone

Back 13

unlighted portion of freshwater ecosystem located below limnetic zone in an aquatic system. Does not support photosynthesis.

Front 14

benthic zone

Back 14

Bottom of any water body.
Provides habitat for organisms that do not to suspend in the water column. Bottom dwelling species such as bullheads

Front 15

oligotrophic

Back 15

Low in nutrients. Oligotrophic lakes have very transparent water and are unproductive.

Front 16

Eutrophic

Back 16

High in nutrients. Productive and generally shallow

Front 17

Impoundments

Back 17

Ponds and reservoirs or dams made by man that block natural water ways such as rivers.

Front 18

Thermal stratification

Back 18

Layers of water with different temperatures and oxygen levels. Occurs when there is sufficient water depth seasonal temperature change and protection from the wind. (3 layers epilimnion, thermocline, and hypolimnion)
Thermal stratification can provide warm water cool water and cold water habitats for aquatic organisms. two-story fisheries can be present with warm water and cool water fish inhabiting one temperature layer and cold water fishes using another layer.

Front 19

how do the dynamics of thermally stratified water layers change seasonally

Back 19

Fall overturn, when temperatures in the epilimnion decrease and the thermocline erodes allowing for temperature and dissolved oxygen levels to equalize and mix. Temps and do are the same from surface to bottom of the water body.
As the winter sets in, water temperatures change to below 4 degrees Celsius, becomes less dense, and inverse stratification begins to occur where colder water rises to the top and ice forms. Colder water is then near the surface whereas where my water is found in deeper pockets of the water body.
Spring overturn occurs when the ice melts and the temperatures and oxygen equalizes.

Front 20

Quadrat

Back 20

20 by 50 centimeter sampling quadrat that measures percent coverage of species with in that area. 0 25 %, 5 to 25 percent, 25 to 50 percent, 50 to 75 percent, 75 to 90 percent, and 95 to 100 percent are used as a visual aid to represent species composition in that given area.

Front 21

Line intercept

Back 21

Technique used to assess coverage or species composition of plants. the tape is stretchable vegetation. percentage of tape overlying plants was determined.

Front 22

Frequency

Back 22

How often species occur during the measurement process.

Front 23

Canopy

Back 23

Topmost vegetation in an area (tree crowns in a forest)

Front 24

Understory

Back 24

Vegetation that lies beneath and is shaded by a canopy or overstory.

Front 25

Ground cover

Back 25

grasses, sedges, forbs

Front 26

Herbaceous

Back 26

Non woody plants such as grasses or forbs.

Front 27

Microclimate

Back 27

Requirement on a very local scale ( climate surrounding a building, climate near the ground, climate in a tall grass prairie ) differs from general climate of an area.

Front 28

How do the terms weather climate microclimate Arctic latitude elevation and rain shadow affect the distribution of biomes and ecosystems

Back 28

meh

Front 29

Explain how ecosystem management strategies can differ from those of a terrestrial aquatic wildlife or fisheries biologist

Back 29

Terrestrial biologist classify habitats by vegetation characteristics.
Aquatic biologists rely more on structural characteristics of a water body

Front 30

Marsh

Back 30

Floetry less what areas characterized by sedges, rushes, and cattails.

Front 31

Bogs

Back 31

What areas characterized by floating spongy mats of vegetation often composed of Sphagnum, sedges, and heaths.

Front 32

Swamp

Back 32

What areas that usually contains standing trees.

Front 33

Coastal wetlands

Back 33

Transitional areas between land and ocean.

Front 34

Describe how Cypress communities change with decreasing elevation

Back 34

Cypress stones grow and deeper waters within the Everglades where there is a lot of Pete and nutrients to help them grow.
The biggest trees grow in the center of the slough. Thinner, smaller trees grow outside the peak of the dome.
When viewing from a distance, this is what gives the Cypress community it's dome shape.
Bald cypress is a dominant species within the dome.
Strands of smaller Cyprus grow further outside the Cyprus dome where there is less water and nutrients. The strands are linear shaped.
Dwarf bald cypress grows further outside the dome. So I'll never get as big as the trees in the dome due to lack of nutrients found in the soil.

Front 35

Describe the hydrology of an alluvial floodplain swamp.

Back 35

Alluvial swamp overflow seasonally. The overflow of water, containing silt, organisms, impurities, and nutrients, spreads to the bottom of the forest. As a watery seeds, and the process repeats, these things are exchanged between the river and the forest.
This constant flow of water shapes the surrounding environment by creating new deserted channels, sentiment deposits, and by building up deltas and levees.

Front 36

General description of a pine flat wood

Back 36

Most expensive terrestrial ecosystem in Florida.
Community evolved under frequent lightning and fire, now mostly controlled by humans.
Generally has an open over story of pines, and expensive shrub layer, and and often sparse herbaceous layer.
Seasonal drought and flooded soil conditions.
During the rainy season there is minimal water runoff resulting in waterlogged and poorly aerated so il. standing water for varying time periods is common during rainy season.
Dry season: high evapotranspiration rates draw a lot of water from the upper soil layer. Droughty conditions occur because water cannot move upward from lower horizons where there is an impermeable hardpan.
Soils are sandy, acidic, and poorly drained. Little clay content low organic matter.
Low flat topography.
Dominant trees: slash pine, pond pine, longleaf pine.
Understory shrubs: saw palmetto, dwarf Live Oak, blueberries.
Herbaceous plants when fire is frequent: Wiregrass, beard grasses
Mammals birds reptiles: fox squirrel, armadillo, deer, black bear, Panther, red-cockaded woodpecker, red shouldered hawk, nuthatch, pileated woodpecker, rattlesnakes, salamander, frogs and toads.

Front 37

North Florida flatwoods vs South Florida flatwoods

Back 37

North Florida flatwoods: Open canopy woodlands dominated by pines. Most commonly used as wetlands for timber recreation and wildlife.
South Florida flatwoods: typically savannahs extensively used for range such as cattle grazing

Front 38

List examples of species of flatwoods and how they use the ecosystem

Back 38

red tailed hawk vs red shouldered hawk

Front 39

Describe how managing the understory shrub layer of a Pineland is important to long term stability of the ecosystem

Back 39

fire is important in maintaining the pine flatwoods ecosystem. if fire is not present, oak trees will take over. when fire is frequent herbaceous plants will grow such as wire grass.
Fires reduce the understory shrub layer, opening up space for Speed reserves to grow. Some seeds also need fire to be released. Nutrients from the ash recycled back into the fire. Fires burn the understory layer and debris. Controlled burns results and smaller fires that are cooler and don't threaten the over story or neighboring communities. If flatwoods were allowed to grow, and no fire was induced, it's possible the fire would grow great and burn down the pine trees.

Front 40

Explain different strategies used by plants and animals to survive fire

Back 40

How pine trees grow