Evolution Lecture 6

Front 1

Asexual reproduction is favored when there is low...

Back 1

Environmental unpredictability, number of niches, parasite load

Front 2

Sexual reproduction is favored when there is high...

Back 2

Environmental unpredictability, number of niches, parasite load

Front 3

Red Queen Hypothesis

Back 3

The host-parasite relationship is an evolutionary arms race. Both are running, neither is moving.

Front 4

Apomoxis

Back 4

Reproduction without gamete mixing

Front 5

The default form of reproduction is...

Back 5

asexual (cell division)

Front 6

Aphimixis

Back 6

Reproduction with gamete mixing

Front 7

Bdelloid Rofiters

Back 7

Asexual organisms, no males, usually long-lived for asexual organisms, go back tens of millions of years

Front 8

Parthenogenisis

Back 8

When females produce and hatch eggs without fertilization by a male

Front 9

Isogamy

Back 9

Both gametes are the same (no differential investment)

Front 10

Heterogamy

Back 10

The two gametes are not the same

Front 11

Oogamy

Back 11

Sperm and egg are different

Front 12

Anisogamy

Back 12

Both the male and female gametes are motile, but one is bigger

Front 13

As zygote size increases...

Back 13

its fitness increases

Front 14

As sperm gets smaller...

Back 14

The number of sperm, and therefore the chance of success, grows

Front 15

Non-optimal combinations of traits can be caused by...

Back 15

Sexual reproduction

Front 16

Muller's Ratchet

Back 16

In asexual organisms, when a deleterious mutation occurs, there is no going back!

Front 17

Selective sweep

Back 17

When a positive mutation occurs in an asexual organism, and goes to fixation

Front 18

Three predictions of the Red Queen Hypothesis. We should see...

Back 18

--Oscillations in the relative frequency of asexual lineages

--Time lags between emergence of host defense and emergency of parasite response

--High parasite load increases the success of sexual lineages (vs asexual lineages)

Front 19

The best way to avoid parasites is through...

Back 19

Recombination in sexual reproduction. NOT avoiding physical contact via asexual reproduction

Front 20

Sexual Dimorphism

Back 20

Distinct difference in size or appearance between the sexes of an animal in addition to difference between the sexual organs themselves.

Front 21

What leads to sexual dimorphism?

Back 21

Sexual selection

Front 22

Secondary Sexual Traits

Back 22

Features that appear at sexual maturity in animals; sexually dimorphic phenotypic traits that distinguish the sexes of a species, but that, unlike the sex organs, are not directly part of the reproductive system.

Front 23

Intersexual Selection

Back 23

Male/male competition; When members of the same sex (within a species) compete with each other in order to gain opportunities to mate with others

Front 24

Intrasexual selection

Back 24

female/male selection

Front 25

Amplexus

Back 25

Sex

Front 26

Benefits males provide to females, to convince them to mate with them

Back 26

Food, safety

Front 27

Ways males prove they are good mates

Back 27

Bright colors, long feathers, long calls (frogs)

Front 28

Sensory bias

Back 28

Responding to certain stimuli

Front 29

Sensory Exploitation / Sensory Bias Hypothesis

Back 29

While there is no definitive proof, the majority of scientists believe a preference arises in females and is then exploited by males

Front 30

Tungara Frogs exhibit what sort of mating call?

Back 30

A whine, sometimes followed by a chuck

Front 31

Extra-Pair Copulation

Back 31

When the females mates with more than one male, to make sure she has offspring

Front 32

Monogamy

Back 32

When one male mates with one female

Front 33

Polygyny

Back 33

When one male mates with multiple females

Front 34

Polyandry

Back 34

When one female mates with multiple males

Front 35

Polygynandry

Back 35

When both males and females have multiple mates

Front 36

Accessory gland proteins

Back 36

Proteins found in the sperm of drosophila that increase the male's chance of reproducing at the cost of the female

Front 37

Effects of accessory gland proteins

Back 37

--Enhance egg production (fewer eggs for later)

--Decrease female receptivity (cannot partake in extra-pair copulation to ensure offspring)

--Help to form a mating plug ( " " )

Front 38

Parental bluegill

Back 38

The female chose this male to fertilize her eggs; he builds a nest for her eggs and fertilizes them

Front 39

Sneaker bluegill

Back 39

They watch as a male builds a nest, and just before the parental male fertilizes the eggs, he sneaks in and tries to fertilize them first