Evolution Lecture 2

Front 1

Origin of Species, in two sentences.

Back 1

- All organisms have descended, with modification, from common ancestors

-The mechanism for modification is Natural Selection acting on variation that already exists in nature

Front 2

Mayr's Synopsis of the Origin of Species (three inferences)

Back 2

- Production of more individuals than the environment can support leads to a "struggle for existence"

-Survival is not random but depends on the hereditary makeup of surviving individuals

-Differential reproductive success leads to population changes; favorable traits accumulate over time

Front 3

Five observations that lead to Mayr's inferences regarding the Origin of Species

Back 3

- All species have high reproductive potential

- Populations tend to remain stable

- Environmental resources limited

- Individuals of a population vary in their characteristics

-Much variation is inherited

Front 4

Archaeopteryx

Back 4

A fossil with both bird and reptile characteristics. Famous at the time of Darwin, many thought it was a fake.

Front 5

Who proved extinction was real, and by studying which animal?

Back 5

Cuvier; Irish Elk Fossils

Front 6

Law of Succession (Clift, Darwin)

Back 6

There will be greater similarities between fossil and extant taxa from the same geographical region, especially if the animal cannot swim or fly

Front 7

Vestigial

Back 7

No longer functional (as observed in most other organisms)

Front 8

Trend between olfactory receptor genes and visual acuity

Back 8

As visual acuity increases (in monkeys), the percent of fossilized olfactory receptor genes decreases

Front 9

Homology versus Analogy

Back 9

Homology = similarity from shared ancestry

Analogy = similarity that does not come from decent

Front 10

Evidence for Evolution includes (5 categories)

Back 10

-behavioral data (observing animals)

-morphological data (studying changes of animal morphology, such as butterfly wings)

-Morphology & Homology

-Embryological data

-molecular genetic data

Front 11

LOF

Back 11

Loss of Function alleles; usually lethal when homozygous, but not always!

Front 12

Longest-running ecological plot

Back 12

The Morrow Plots; Illinois Long Term Selection Experiment

Front 13

Wolbachia

Back 13

Wolbachia, perhaps the most common and widespread intracellular bacterium on Earth, can manipulate the physiology and reproduction of its hosts (example: butterflies in the Samoan islands)

Front 14

HIV co-receptor on t-cells

Back 14

CCR5

Front 15

HIV co-receptor on macrophages

Back 15

CXCR4

Front 16

Cutoff point of when you have "AIDS"

Back 16

200 t-cells per cubic mm

Front 17

AZT-triphosphate

Back 17

Mimic thiamine, gets incorporated by most versions of reverse transcriptase, and prevents train elongation

Front 18

Best treatment for HIV

Back 18

HAART (Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy) Regimes

Front 19

HIV's pg120 protein binds to ? plus coreceptor on the host cell

Back 19

CD4

Front 20

CCR5-delta32

Back 20

32 bp deletion of the CCR5 gene that makes you immune to HIV (when homozygous)

Front 21

When did HIV first jump to humans?

Back 21

1884-1924

Front 22

Microevolution

Back 22

change within a species

Front 23

Macroevolution

Back 23

Any change the occurs above species