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55 Cards in this Set
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Louis Philippe |
under his rule, protest movements, in the form of republican societies, proliferated in French cities and rebellions broke out in Paris and Lyon, bringing a harsh repression that resulted in deaths and arrests. The government's refusal to compromise drove even moderates into opposition |
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June Days |
the workers of paris rose in revolt, building barricades across Paris. For four days, June 23-26, they fought a hopeless battle against armed forces recruited from the provinces. About 3,000 were killed and 12,000 arrested. Many of the prisoners were deported to Algerian labor camps. After this repression, support for the republic among the workers in Paris declined rapidly |
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Zollverein |
1834- Prussia started a customs union, which established free trade among the German states and a uniform tariff against the rest of the world. By the 1840s the union included almost all of the German states except German Austria. It is considered an important precedent for the political unification of Germany, which was completed in 1870 under Prussian leadership |
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Frankfurt Parliament |
failed attempt to create a unified Germany under constitutional principles. In 1849, the assembly offered the crown of the new German nation to Frederick William I V of Prussia, but he refused the offer and suppressed a brief protest. The delegates went home disillusioned |
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Otto von Bismarck |
the prime minister of Prussia and later the first chancellor of a unified Germany, Bismarck was the architect of German unification and helped to consolidate the new nation's economic and military power |
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Giuseppe Garibaldi |
Italian revolutionary leader who led the fight to free Sicily and Naples from the Habsburg Empire; the lands were then peaceably annexed by Sardinia to produce a unified Italy |
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Camillo Benso di Cavour |
prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia and founder of the Italian Liberal party; he played a key role in the movement for Italian unification under the Piedmontese king, Victor Emmanuel II |
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Napoleon III |
nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, Napoleon III was elected president of the French Second Republic in 1848 and made himself emperor of France in 1852. During his reign he rebuilt the French capital of Paris. Defeated in the France-Prussian War of 1870, he went into exile |
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John Stuart Mill |
English liberal philosopher whose faith in human reason led him to support a broad variety of civic and political freedoms for men and women, including the right to vote and the right to free speech |
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Pan-Slavism |
major nationalist movement that troubled the Habsburg Empire |
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Magyar Nationalism |
Lajos Kossuth led this national movement in the Hungarian region of the Habsburg Empire, calling for national independence for Hungary in 1848. With the support of Russia, the Habsburg army crushed the movement and all other revolutionary activities in the empire. Kossuth fled into exile |
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Tsar Alexander II |
central to his program of modernization and reform after the Crimean War was the abolition of serfdom in Russia. Under his 1861 decree, emancipated serfs were now allowed to own their land, ending centuries of bondage |
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Emancipation of the Serfs |
the abolition of serfdom was central to Tsar Alexander II's program of modernization and reform, but it produced a limited amount of change. Former serfs now had legal rights. However, farm land was granted to the village communes instead of to individuals. The land was of poor quality and the former serfs had to pay for it in installments to the village commune |
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Crimean War |
war waged by Russia against Great Britain and France. Spurred by Russia's encroachment on Ottoman territories, the conflict revealed Russia's military weakness when Russian forces fell to British and French troops |
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East India Company |
British charter company created to outperform Portuguese and Spanish traders in the Far East; in the eighteenth century the company became, in effect, the ruler of a large part of India. There was also a Dutch East India Company |
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Sepoy Mutiny |
the uprising began near Delhi, when the military disciplined a regiment of Indian soldiers employed by the British for refusing to use rifle cartridges greased with pork fat(Hindu and Muslim). rebels attacked law courts and burned tax rolls, protesting debt and corruption. The mutiny spread through large areas of northwest India before being violently suppressed by British troops |
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Civilizing Mission |
argument made by Europeans to justify colonial expansion in the 19th century- europeans had a duty to impose western economic and political ideas on indigenous colonial people |
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Opium WArs |
war fought between the British and Qing China to protect British trade in opium; resulted in the ceding of Hong Kong to the British |
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Berlin Conference |
leading colonial powers met and established ground rules for the partition of Africa by European nations - ceded control of Congo region to private company run by King Leopold II of Belgium - made Congo valleys open to free trade and commerce, to end the slave trade in the region, and to establish a Congo Free State |
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Boxer Rebellion |
Chinese peasant movement that opposed foreign influence, especially that of Christian missionaries; it was finally put down after the Boxers were defeated by a foreign army composed mostly of Japanese, Russian, British, French, and American Soldiers |
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Italian Invasion of Ethiopia |
Italy invaded Ethiopia, which was the last major independent African kingdom, Menelik II, the Ethiopian emperor, soundly defeated them |
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Russo-Japanese War |
Japanese and Russian expansion collided in Mongolia and Manchuria. Russia was humiliated after the Japanese navy sunk its fleet, which helped provoke a revolt in Russia and led to an American brokered peace treaty |
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Pan-African Conference |
1900 assembly in London that sought to draw attention to the sovereignty of African people and their mistreatment by colonial powers |
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Boer War |
conflict between British and ethnically European Afrikaners in South Africa, with terrible casualties on both sides |
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Fashoda Incident |
disagreements between the French and British over land claims in North Africa led to a standoff between armies of the two nations at the Sudanese town of Fashoda. The crisis was solved diplomatically. France ceded southern Sudan to Britain in exchange for a stop to further expansion by the British |
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Spanish American War |
war between the United States and Spain in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines, it ended with a treaty in which the United States took over the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico; Cuba won partial independence |
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Labour Party |
founded in Britain in 1900, this party represented workers and was based on socialist principles |
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Social Democratic Party |
founded in 1875, it was the most powerful socialist party in Europe before 1917 |
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Anarchists |
in the 19th century, they were a political movement with the aim of establishing small-scale, localized and self sufficient democratic communities that could guarantee a maximum of individual sovereignty. Renouncing parties, unions and any form of modern mass organization, the anarchists fell back on the tradition of conspiratorial violence |
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syndicalists |
a 19th century political movement that embraced a strategy of strikes and sabotage by workers. Their hope was that a general strike of all workers would bring down the capitalist state and replace it with workers' syndicates or trade associations. Their refusal to participate in politics limited their ability to command a wide influence |
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Marxists |
followers of the socialist political economist Karl Marx who called for workers everywhere to unite and create an independent political force. Marxists believed that industrialization produced an inevitable struggle between laborers and the class of capitalist property owners, and that this struggle would culminate in a revolution that would abolish private property and establish a society committed to social equality |
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Women's Associations |
because European women were excluded from the workings of parliamentary and mass politics, some women formed organizations to press for political and civil rights. Some groups focused on establishing educational opportunities for women while others campaigned energetically for the vote |
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Dreyfus Affair |
in 1894 French scandal surrounding accusations that a Jewish captain, Alfred Dreyfus, sold military secrets to the Germans. Convicted, Dreyfus was sentenced to solitary confinement for life. However, after public outcry, it was revealed that the trial documents were forgeries and Dreyfus was pardoned after a second trial in 1899. In 1906 he was fully exonerated and reinstated in the army. The affair revealed the depths of popular anti-Semitism in France |
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Anti Semitism |
hostility toward Jewish people, religious forms of anti-Semitism have a long history in Europe, but in the nineteenth century anti-semitism emerged as a potent ideology for mobilizing new constituencies in the era of mass politics. Playing on popular conspiracy theories about alleged Jewish influence in society, anti-Semites effectively rallied supporters in France after the Dreyfus affair |
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Zionism |
a political movement dating to the end of the nineteenth century holding that the Jewish people constitute a nation and are entitled to a national homeland. Zionists rejected a policy of Jewish assimilation and advocated the reestablishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine |
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Bolsheviks |
former members of the Russian Social Democratic Party who advocated the destruction of capitalist political and economic institutions and started the Russian Revolution. Changed name to the Russian Communist Party in 1918 Ex: Lenin, Stalin, Trotsky |
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Mensheviks |
advocated slow changes and a gradual move toward socialism, ,in contrast with the Bolsheviks, who wanted to push for a proletarian revolution. Mensheviks believed that proletarian revolution in Russia was premature and that the country needed to complete its capitalist development first |
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Russian Revolution of 1905 |
after Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, Russians began clamoring for political reforms. Protests grew over the course of 1905, and he autocracy lost control of entire towns and regions as workers went on strike, soldiers mutinied, and peasants revolted. Forced to yield, Tsar Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto, which pledged individual liberties and provided for the election of a parliament (called the Duma) The most radical of the revolutionary groups were put down with force and the pace of political change remained very slow in the aftermath of the revolution |
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Young Turks |
the 1908 Turkish reformist movement that aimed to modernize the Ottoman Empire, restore parliamentary rule and depose Sultan Abdul Hamid II |
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Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution |
variations within a population make certain individual organisms better equipped for survival, increasing their chances of reproducing and passing their advantageous traits to the next generation |
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Sigmund Freud |
Austrian psychologist who founded psychoanalysis and suggested that human behavior was largely motivated by unconscious and irrational forces |
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Modernists |
several different modernist movements in art and literature, but they shared three key characteristics - sense that the world had radically changed and that this change should be embraced - traditional aesthetic values and assumptions about creativity were ill suited to the present - new conception of what art could do - emphasized expression over representation and insisted on the value of novelty, experimentation, and creative freedom |
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Franz Ferdinand |
archduke of Austria and heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire; his assassination led to the beginning of the First World War |
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Schlieffen Plan |
devised by German general Alfred con Schlieffen in 1905 to avoid the dilemma of a two front war against France and Russia. It required that Germany attack France first through Belgium and secure a quick victory before wheeling to the east to meet the slower armies of the Russians on the Eastern front. August 2, 1914 at the onset of the war |
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Battle of the Marne |
a major battle of the First World War in September 1914, which halted the German invasion of France and led to protracted trench warfare on the Western Front |
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Gallipoli |
In the first world war, a combined force of French, British, Australian and New Zealand troops tried to invade the Gallipoli Peninsula, n the first large scale amphibious attack into history, and seize it from the Turks. After seven months of fighting, the Allies had lost 200,000 soldiers. Defeated, they withdrew |
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Verdun |
battle between German and french forces lasted for ten months during WWI- the Germans saw it as a chance to break French morale through a war of attrition- French believed the battle to be a symbol of France's strength. In the end, over 400,000 lives were lost and the German offensive failed |
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Somme |
during this battle of WWI, allied forces attempted to take entrenched German positions from July to mid-November of 1916. Neither side was able to make any real gains despite massive casualties. 500,000 Germans, 400,000 British and 200,000 French |
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Tsar Nicholas II |
the last Russian tsar, who abdicated the throne in 1917. He and his family were executed by the Bolsheviks on July 17, 1918 |
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Bolsheviks |
former members of the Russian Social Democratic Party who advocaed the destruction of capitalist political and economic institutions and started the Russian Revolution. In 1918, the Bolsheviks changed their name to the Russian Communist Party. Prominent Bolsheviks: Lenin, Stalin, Trotsky |
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Lenin |
leader of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia (1917) and the first leader of the Soviet Union |
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Soviets |
local councils elected by workers and soldiers in Russia. Socialists started organizing these councils in 1905, and the Petrograd soviet in the capital emerged as one of the centers of power after the Russian monarchy collapsed in 1917 in the midst of WWI |
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Provisional Government |
after the collapse of the Russian monarchy, leaders in the Duma organized this government and hoped to establish a democratic system under constitutional rule. They also refused to concede military defeat, and it was impossible to institute domestic reforms and fight a war at the same time- conditions worsened- Bolsheviks gained support, attacked government, seized control 1917 |
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Wilson's 14 Points |
plan on which to build post war peace - end to secret treaties -open covenants, openly arrived at - freedom of the seas - removal of international tariffs - reduction of arms - self determination of peoples - League of Nations |
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Treaty of Versailles |
ended WWI (June 28, 1919) - required Germany to surrender large territories, and pay huge fines to the Allies |
